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第1章

1. 参见小布什在2005年的就职演说，他表示：“有鉴于各种事件和常理，让我们得出一个结论：自由要在我们国内得以存续，越来越有赖于其他地区的自由得以成功。要想追求世界和平，最可能达成的方式就是将自由传播到整个世界。”‘Bush Pledges to Spread Democracy’, CNN, 20 January 2005,http://edition.cnn.com/2005/ALLPOLITICS/01/20/bush.speech/, accessed 7 January 2018.参见奥巴马的最后一场联合国演讲：Katie Reilly, ‘Read Barack Obama’s Final Speech to the United Nations as President’, Time, 20 September 2016, http://time.com/4501910/president-obama-united-nations-speech-transcript/, accessed 3 December 2017.

2. William Neikirk and David S.Cloud, ‘Clinton: Abuses Put China “On Wrong Side of History”’, Chicago Tribune, 30 October 1997, http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1997-10-30/news/9710300304_1_human-rights-jiang-zemin-chinese-leader,accessed 3 December 2017.

3. Eric Bradner, ‘Hillary Clinton’s Email Controversy, Explained’, CNN, 28 October 2016, http://edition.cnn.com/2015/09/03/politics/hillary-clinton-email-controversy-explained-2016/index.html, accessed 3 December 2017.

4. Chris Graham and Robert Midgley, ‘Mexico Border Wall: What is Donald Trump Planning, How Much Will It Cost and Who Will Pay for It?’, Telegraph, 23 August 2017, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/0/mexico-border-wall-donald-trump-planning-much-will-cost-will/, accessed 3 December 2017; Michael Schuman, ‘Is China Stealing Jobs? It May Be Losing Them, Instead’, New York Times, 22 July 2016, https://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/23/business/international/china-jobs-donald-trump.html, accessed 3 December 2017.

5. 关于19世纪到20世纪初期的几个例子，参见：Evgeny Dobrenko and Eri Naiman (eds.), The Landscape of Stalinism: The Art and Ideology of Soviet Space (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2003); W.L.Guttsman, Art for the Workers: Ideology and the Visual Arts in Weimar Germany (New York:Manchester University Press, 1997).相关的讨论，参见：Nicholas John Cull,Propaganda and Mass Persuasion: A Historical Encyclopedia, 1500 to the Present (Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO, 2003).

6. 相关论述请参见：Ishaan Tharoor, ‘Brexit: A modern-day Peasants’ Revolt?’, Washington Post, 25 June 2016, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2016/06/25/the-brexit-a-modern-day-peasants-revolt/?utm_term=.9b8e81bd5306; John Curtice, ‘US election 2016: The Trump–Brexit voter revolt’, BBC, 11 November 2016, http://www.bbc.com/news/election-us-2016–37943072.

7. 如今，这种论述最有名的仍是：Francis Fukuyama, The End of History and the Last Man (London: Penguin, 1992).

8. Karen Dawisha, Putin’s Kleptocracy (New York: Simon Schuster, 2014);Timothy Snyder, The Road to Unfreedom: Russia, Europe, America (New York: Tim Duggan Books, 2018); Anne Garrels, Putin Country: A Journey Into the Real Russia (New York: Farrar, Straus Giroux, 2016); Steven Lee Myers, The New Tsar: The Rise and Reign of Vladimir Putin (New York: Knopf Doubleday,2016).

9. Credit Suisse, Global Wealth Report 2015, 53, https://publications.credit-suisse.com/tasks/render/file/?fileID=F2425415-DCA7-80B8-EAD989AF9341D47E, accessed 12 March 2018; Filip Novokmet, Thomas Piketty and Gabriel Zucman,‘From Soviets to Oligarchs: Inequality and Property in Russia 1905–2016’, July 2017, World Wealth and Income Database, http://www.piketty.pse.ens.fr/files/NPZ2017WIDworld.pdf, accessed 12 March 2018; Shaun Walker, ‘Unequal Russia’, Guardian, 25 April 2017, https://www.theguardian.com/inequality/2017/apr/25/unequal-russia-is-anger-stirring-in-the-global-capital-of-inequality,accessed 12 March 2018.

10. Ayelet Shani, ‘The Israelis Who Take Rebuilding the Third Temple Very Seriously’, Haaretz, 10 August 2017, https://www.haaretz.com/israelnews/.premium-1.805977, accessed January 2018; ‘Israeli Minister: We Should Rebuild Jerusalem&Temple’, Israel&Today, 7 July 2013, http://www.israeltoday.co.il/Default.aspx?tabid=178nid=23964, accessed 7 January 2018; Yuri Yanover, ‘Dep.Minister Hotovely: The Solution Is Greater Israel without Gaza’, Jewish Press, 25 August 2013, http://www.jewishpress.com/news/breaking-news/dep-minister-hotovely-the-solution-is-greater-israelwithout-gaza/2013/08/25/, accessed 7 January 2018; ‘Israeli Minister: The Bible Says West Bank Is Ours’, Al Jazeera, 24 February 2017, http://www. aljazeera.com/programmes/upfront/2017/02/israeli-minister-bible-westbank-170224082827910.html, accessed 29 January 2018.

11. Katie Reilly, ‘Read Barack Obama’s Final Speech to the United Nations as President’, Time, 20 September 2016, http://time.com/4501910/presidentobama-united-nations-speech-transcript/, accessed 3 December 2017.

第2章

1. Gregory R.Woirol, The Technological Unemployment and Structural Unemployment Debates (Westport: Greenwood Press, 1996), 18–20; Amy Sue Bix, Inventing Ourselves out of Jobs? America’s Debate over Technological Unemployment, 1929–1981 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University&Press,2000), 1–8; Joel Mokyr, Chris Vickers and Nicolas L.Ziebarth, ‘The History of Technological Anxiety and the Future of Economic Growth: Is This Time Different?’, Journal of Economic Perspectives 29:3 (2015), 33–42; Joe Mokyr,The Gifts of Athena: Historical Origins of the Knowledge Economy (Princeton:Princeton University&Press, 2002), 255–7; David H.Autor, ‘Why Are There Still So Many Jobs? The History and the Future of Workplace Automation’, Journal of Economic Perspectives 29:3 (2015), 3–30; Melanie Arntz, Terry Gregory and Ulrich Zierahn, ‘The Risk of Automation for Jobs in OECD&Countries’, OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers 89 (2016); Mariacristina Piva and Marco Vivarelli, ‘Technological Change and Employment: Were Ricardo and Marx Right?’, IZA Institute of Labor Economics, Discussion Paper No.10471 (2017).

2. 举例来说，人工智能已在飞行特别是空中战斗中胜过人类：Nicholas Ernest et al., ‘Genetic Fuzzy based Artificial Intelligence for Unmanned Combat Aerial Vehicle Control in Simulated Air Combat Missions’, Journal of Defense Management 6:1 (2016), 1–7; intelligent tutoring and teaching systems: Kurt Van Lehn, ‘The Relative Effectiveness of Human Tutoring, Intelligent Tutoring Systems, and Other Tutoring Systems’, Educational Psychologist 46:4 (2011), 197–221; algorithmic trading: Giuseppe Nuti et al., ‘Algorithmic Trading’, Computer 44:11 (2011), 61–9; financial planning, portfolio management etc.: Arash Baharammirzaee, ‘A comparative Survey of Artificial Intelligence Applications in Finance: Artificial Neural Networks, Expert System and Hybrid Intelligent Systems’, Neural Computing and Applications 19:8 (2010), 1165–95; analysis of complex data in medical systems and production of diagnosis and treatment: Marjorie Glass Zauderer et al., ‘Piloting IBM Watson Oncology within Memorial Sloan Kettering’s Regional Network’, Journal of Clinical Oncology 32:15 (2014), e17653; creation of original texts in natural language from massive amount of data: Jean-Sébastien Vayre et al., ‘Communication Mediated through Natural Language Generation in Big Data Environments: The Case of Nomao’, Journal of Computer and Communication 5 (2017), 125–48; facialrecognition: Florian Schroff, Dmitry Kalenichenko and James Philbin, ‘Face Net: A Unified Embedding for Face Recognition and Clustering’, IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR) (2015), 815–23; and driving: Cristiano Premebida, ‘A Lidar and Vision-based Approach for Pedestrian and Vehicle Detection and Tracking’, 2007 IEEE Intelligent Transportation Systems Conference (2007).

3. Daniel Kahneman, Thinking, Fast and Slow (New York: Farrar, Straus Giroux, 2011); Dan Ariely, Predictably Irrational (New York: Harper, 2009); Brian D.Ripley, Pattern Recognition and Neural Networks (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007); Christopher M.Bishop, Pattern Recognition and Machine Learning (New York: Springer, 2007).

4. Seyed Azimi et al., ‘Vehicular Networks for Collision Avoidance at Intersections,’ SAE International Journal of Passenger Cars – Mechanical Systems 4 (2011), 406–16; Swarun Kumar et al., ‘Car Speak: A Content-Centric Network for Autonomous Driving’, SIGCOM Computer Communication Review 42 (2012),259–70; Mihail L.Sichitiu and Maria Kihl, ‘Inter-Vehicle Communication Systems: A Survey’, IEEE Communications Surveys Tutorials (2008), 10;Mario Gerla, Eun-Kyu Lee and Giovanni Pau, ‘Internet of Vehicles: From Intelligent Grid to Autonomous Cars and Vehicular Clouds’, 2014 IEEE World Forum on Internet of Things (WF-IoT) (2014), 241–6.

5. World Health Organization, Global status report on road safety 2015 (2016);‘Estimates for 2000–2015, Cause-Specific Mortality’, http://www.who.int/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/estimates/en/index1.html, accessed 6 September 2017.

6. 关于美国车祸的原因调查，参见：Daniel J.Fagnant and Kara Kockelman,‘Preparing a Nation for Autonomous Vehicles: Opportunities, Barriers and Policy Recommendations’, Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice 77 (2015), 167–81；全世界大致情况的调查，参见：OECD/ITF, Road Safety Annual Report 2016 (Paris: OECD Publishing, 2016), http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/irtad-2016-en.

7. Kristofer D.Kusano and Hampton C.Gabler, ‘Safety Benefits of Forward Collision Warning, Brake Assist, and Autonomous Braking Systems in Rear-End Collisions’, IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems 13:4 (2012), 1546–55; James M.Anderson et al., Autonomous Vehicle Technology: A Guide for Policymakers (Santa Monica: RAND Corporation, 2014), esp.13–15; Daniel J.Fagnant and Kara Kockelman, ‘Preparing a Nation for Autonomous Vehicles: Opportunities, Barriers and Policy Recommendations’, Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice 77 (2015), 167–81; Jean-Francois Bonnefon, Azim Shariff and Iyad Rahwan, ‘Autonomous Vehicles Need Experimental Ethics: Are We Ready for Utilitarian Cars?’, arXiv (2015), 1–15.关于车辆如何建立车际网络以避免车祸，参见：Seyed R.Azimi et al., ‘Vehicular Networks for Collision Avoidance at Intersections’, SAE International Journal of Passenger Cars – Mechanical Systems 4:1 (2011), 406–16; Swarun Kumar et al., ‘Car Speak: A Content-Centric Network for Autonomous Driving’, SIGCOM Computer Communication Review 42:4 (2012), 259–70; Mihail L.Sichitiu and Maria Kihl,‘Inter-Vehicle Communication Systems: A Survey’, IEEE Communications Surveys Tutorials 10:2 (2008); Mario Gerla et al., ‘Internet of Vehicles: From Intelligent Grid to Autonomous Cars and Vehicular Clouds’, 2014 IEEE World Forum on Internet of Things (WF-IoT) (2014), 241–6.

8. Michael Chui, James Manyika and Mehdi Miremadi, ‘Where Machines Could Replace Humans – and Where They Can’t (Yet)’, McKinsey Quarterly (2016), http://www.mckinsey.com/business-functions/digital-mckinsey/our-insights/where-machines-could-replace-humans-and-where-they-cant-yet, accessed 1 March 2018.

9. Wu Youyou, Michal Kosinski and David Stillwell, ‘Computer-based personality judgments are more accurate than those made by humans’, PANS, vol.112 (2014), 1036–8.

10. Stuart Dredge, ‘AI and music: will we be slaves to the algorithm?’ Guardian, 6 August 2017, https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/aug/06/artificialintelligence-and-will-we-be-slaves-to-the-algorithm, accessed 15 October 2017.关于这些方法的综览，参见：Jose David Fernández and Francisco Vico, ‘AI Methods in Algorithmic Composition: A Comprehensive Survey’, Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research 48 (2013), 513–82.

11. Eric Topol, The Patient Will See You Now: The Future of Medicine is in Your Hands (New York: Basic Books, 2015); Robert Wachter, The Digital Doctor:Hope, Hype and Harm at the Dawn of Medicine’s Computer Age (New York:McGraw-Hill Education, 2015); Simon Parkin, ‘The Artificially Intelligent Doctor Will Hear You Now’, MIT Technology Review (2016), https://www.technologyreview.com/s/600868/the-artificially-intelligent-doctor-will-hearyou-now/; James Gallagher, ‘Artificial intelligence “as good as cancer doctors”’,BBC, 26 January 2017, http://www.bbc.com/news/health-38717928.

12. Kate Brannen, ‘Air Force’s lack of drone pilots reaching “crisis” levels’,Foreign Policy, 15 January 2015, http://foreignpolicy.com/2015/01/15/airforces-lack-of-drone-pilots-reaching-crisis-levels/.

13. Tyler Cowen, Average is Over: Powering America Beyond the Age of the Great Stagnation (New York: Dutton, 2013); Brad Bush, ‘How combined human and computer intelligence will redefine jobs’, Tech Crunch (2016), https://techcrunch.com/2016/11/01/how-combined-human-and-computer-intelligencewill-redefine-jobs/.

14. Lawrence F.Katz and Alan B.Krueger, ‘The Rise and Nature of Alternative Work Arrangements in the United States, 1995–2015’, National Bureau of Economic Research (2016); Peter H.Cappelli and J.R.Keller, ‘A Study of the Extent and Potential Causes of Alternative Employment Arrangements’, ILR Review 66:4(2013), 874–901; Gretchen M.Spreitzer, Lindsey Cameron and Lyndon Garrett,‘Alternative Work Arrangements: Two Images of the New World of Work’,Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior 4(2017), 473–99; Sarah A.Donovan, David H.Bradley and Jon O.Shimabukuru,‘What Does the Gig Economy Mean for Workers?’, Washington DC:Congressional Research Service (2016), https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R44365.pdf, accessed 11 February 2018; ‘More Workers Are in Alternative Employment Arrangements’, Pew Research Center, 28 September 2016, http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2016/10/06/the-state-of-american-jobs/st_2016-10-06_jobs-26/, accessed 11 February 2018.

15. David Ferrucci et al., ‘Watson: Beyond Jeopardy!’, Artificial Intelligence 199–200 (2013), 93–105.

16. ‘Google’s AlphaZero Destroys Stockfish in 100-Game Match’, Chess.com,6 December 2017, https://www.chess.com/news/view/google-s-alphazerodestroys-stockfish-in-100-game-match, accessed 11 February 2018; David Silver et al., ‘Mastering Chess and Shogi by Self-Play with a General Reinforcement Learning Algorithm’, arXiv (2017), https://arxiv.org/pdf/1712.01815.pdf,accessed 2 February 2018; see also Sarah Knapton, ‘Entire Human Chess Knowledge Learned and Surpassed by Deep Mind’s AlphaZero in Four Hours’,Telegraph, 6 December 2017, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/science/2017/12/06/entire-human-chess-knowledge-learned-surpassed-deepminds-alphazero/,accessed 11 February 2018.

17. Cowen, Average is Over, op.cit.; Tyler Cowen, ‘What are humans still good for? The turning point in freestyle chess may be approaching’ (2013), http://marginalrevolution.com/marginalrevolution/2013/11/what-are-humans-stillgood-for-the-turning-point-in-freestyle-chess-may-be-approaching.html.

18. Maddalaine Ansell, ‘Jobs for Life Are a Thing of the Past.Bring On Lifelong Learning’, Guardian, 31 May 2016, https://www.theguardian.com/highereducation-network/2016/may/31/jobs-for-life-are-a-thing-of-the-past-bring-onlifelong-learning.

19. Alex Williams, ‘Prozac Nation Is Now the United States of Xanax’, New York Times, 10 June 2017, https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/10/style/anxiety-is-thenew-depression-xanax.html.

20. Simon Rippon, ‘Imposing Options on People in Poverty: The Harm of a Live Donor Organ Market’, Journal of Medical Ethics 40 (2014), 145–50; I.Glenn Cohen, ‘Regulating the Organ Market: Normative Foundations for Market Regulation’, Law and Contemporary Problems 77 (2014); Alexandra K.Glazier,‘The Principles of Gift Law and the Regulation of Organ Donation’, Transplant International 24 (2011), 368–72; Megan McAndrews and Walter E.Block,‘Legalizing Saving Lives: A Proposition for the Organ Market’, Insights to AChanging World Journal 2015, 1–17.

21. James J.Hughes, ‘A Strategic Opening for a Basic Income Guarantee in the Global Crisis Being Created by AI, Robots, Desktop Manufacturing and BioMedicine’, Journal of Evolution Technology 24 (2014), 45–61; Alan Cottey, ‘Technologies, Culture, Work, Basic Income and Maximum Income’, AI Society 29 (2014), 249–57.

22. Jon Henley, ‘Finland Trials Basic Income for Unemployed,’ Guardian, 3 January 2017, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/jan/03/finland-trialsbasic-income-for-unemployed, accessed 1 March 2018.

23. ‘Swiss Voters Reject Proposal to Give Basic Income to Every Adult and Child’,Guardian, 5 June 2017, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jun/05/swissvote-give-basic-income-every-adult-child-marxist-dream.

24. Isabel Hunter, ‘Crammed into squalid factories to produce clothes for the West on just 20p a day, the children forced to work in horrific unregulated workshops of Bangladesh’, Daily Mail, 1 December 2015, http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-3339578/Crammed-squalid-factories-produce-clothes-West-just20p-day-children-forced-work-horrific-unregulated-workshops-Bangladesh.html, accessed 15 October 2017; Chris Walker and Morgan Hartley, ‘The Culture Shock of India’s Call Centers’, Forbes, 16 December 2012, https://www.forbes.com/sites/morganhartley/2012/12/16/the-culture-shock-of-indiascall-centres/#17bb61d372f5, accessed 15 October 2017.

25. Lauren Gambini, ‘Trump Pans Immigration Proposal as Bringing People from“Shithole Countries”’, Guardian, 12 January 2018, https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2018/jan/11/trump-pans-immigration-proposal-as-bringingpeople-from-shithole-countries, accessed 11 February 2018.

26. 环境整体改善时，相对的不平等也可能加剧，此种论点参见：Thomas Piketty, Capital in the Twenty-First Century (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University&Press, 2013).

27. ‘2017 Statistical Report on Ultra-Orthodox Society in Israel’, Israel Democracy Institute and Jerusalem Institute for Israel Studies (2017), https://en.idi.org.il/articles/20439, accessed 1 January 2018; Melanie Lidman, ‘As ultra-Orthodox women bring home the bacon, don’t say the F-word’, Times of Israel, 1 January 2016, https://www.timesofisrael.com/as-ultra-orthodox-women-bring-home-the-bacon-dont-say-the-f-word/, accessed 15 October 2017.

28. Melanie Lidman, ‘As ultra-Orthodox women bring home the bacon, don’t say the F-word’, Times of Israel, 1 January 2016, https://www.timesofisrael.com/as-ultra-Orthodox-women-bring-home-the-bacon-dont-say-the-f-word/, accessed 15 October 2017; ‘Statistical Report on Ultra-Orthodox Society in Israel’, Israel Democracy Institute and Jerusalem Institute for Israel Studies 18(2016), https://en.idi.org.il/media/4240/shnaton-e_8-9-16_web.pdf, accessed 15 October 2017.在经济合作与发展组织（OECD）最近调查的38个经济体中，以色列的快乐指数排名第11，参见：‘Life Satisfaction’, OECD Better Life Index, http://www.oecdbetterlifeindex.org/topics/life-satisfaction/, accessed 15 October 2017.

29. ‘2017 Statistical Report on Ultra-Orthodox Society in Israel’, Israel Democracy Institute and Jerusalem Institute for Israel Studies (2017), https://en.idi.org.il/articles/20439, accessed 1 January 2018.

第3章

1. Margaret Thatcher, ‘Interview for Woman’s Own (“no such thing as society”)’, Margaret Thatcher Foundation, 23 September 1987, https://www.margaretthatcher.org/document/106689, accessed 7 January 2018.

2. Keith Stanovich, Who Is Rational? Studies of Individual Differences in Reasoning (New York: Psychology Press, 1999).

3. Richard Dawkins, ‘Richard Dawkins: We Need a New Party – the European Party’, New Statesman, 29 March 2017, https://www.newstatesman.com/politics/uk/2017/03/richard-dawkins-we-need-new-party-european-party, accessed 1 March 2018.

4. Steven Swinford, ‘Boris Johnson’s allies accuse Michael Gove of “systematic and calculated plot” to destroy his leadership hopes’, Telegraph, 30 June 2016, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/06/30/boris-johnsons-allies-accuse-michael-gove-of-systematic-and-calc/, accessed 3 September 2017; Rowena Mason and Heather Stewart, ‘Gove’s thunderbolt and Boris’s breaking point: a shocking Tory morning’, Guardian, 30 June 2016, https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2016/jun/30/goves-thunderbolt-boris-johnson-tory-morning, accessed 3 September 2017.

5. James Tapsfield, ‘Gove presents himself as the integrity candidate for Downing Street job but sticks the knife into Boris AGAIN’, Daily Mail, 1 July 2016, http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-3669702/I-m-not-great-heart-s-right-place-Gove-makes-bizarre-pitch-Downing-Street-admitting-no-charisma-doesn-t-really-want-job.html, accessed 3 September 2017.

6. 2017年，斯坦福大学研究团队推出一项算法，声称只要分析几张你的面部照片，就能够判断你是同性恋还是异性恋，准确率达91%（https://osf.io/zn79k/）。然而，因为这项算法的研发基础是使用网民上传至交友网站的自选相片，有可能反映出来的只是不同文化的理想有何差异。也就是说，并不是同性恋的面部特征真的和异性恋有所不同，只是男同性恋把照片上传到男同性恋交友网站时，心中想符合的那套理想标准并不同于异性恋男性把照片上传到异性恋交友网站想符合的理想标准罢了。

7. David Chan, ‘So Why Ask Me? Are Self-Report Data Really That Bad?’ in Charles E.Lance and Robert J.Vandenberg (eds.), Statistical and Methodological Myths and Urban Legends (New York, London: Routledge, 2009), 309–36; Delroy L.Paulhus and Simine Vazire, ‘The Self-Report Method’ in Richard W.Robins, R.Chris Farley and Robert F.Krueger (eds.), Handbook of Research Methods in Personality Psychology (London, New York: The Guilford Press, 2007), 228–33.

8. Elizabeth Dwoskin and Evelyn M.Rusli, ‘The Technology that Unmasks Your Hidden Emotions’, Wall Street Journal, 28 January 2015, https://www.wsj.com/articles/startups-see-your-face-unmask-your-emotions-1422472398, accessed 6 September 2017.

9. Norberto Andrade, ‘Computers Are Getting Better Than Humans at Facial Recognition’, Atlantic, 9 June 2014, https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2014/06/bad-news-computers-are-getting-better-than-we-are-at-facial-recognition/372377/, accessed 10 December 2017; Elizabeth Dwoskin and Evelyn M.Rusli, ‘The Technology That Unmasks Your Hidden Emotions’, Wall Street Journal, 28 June 2015, https://www.wsj.com/articles/startups-see-yourface-unmask-your-emotions-1422472398, accessed 10 December 2017; Sophie K.Scott, Nadine&Lavan, Sinead Chen and Carolyn McGettigan, ‘The Social Life of Laughter’, Trends in Cognitive Sciences 18:12 (2014), 618–20.

10. Daniel First, ‘Will big data algorithms dismantle the foundations of liberalism?’,AI Soc, 10.1007/s00146-017-0733-4.

11. Carole Cadwalladr, ‘Google, Democracy and the Truth about Internet Search’,Guardian, 4 December 2016, https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2016/dec/04/google-democracy-truth-internet-search-facebook, accessed 6 September 2017.

12. Jeff Freak and Shannon Holloway, ‘How Not to Get to Straddie’, Red Land City Bulletin, 15 March 2012, http://www.redlandcitybulletin.com.au/story/104929/how-not-to-get-to-straddie/, accessed 1 March 2018.

13. Michelle McQuigge, ‘Woman Follows GPS; Ends Up in Ontario&Lake’, Toronto Sun, 13 May 2016, http://torontosun.com/2016/05/13/woman-follows-gps-endsup-in-ontario-lake/wcm/fddda6d6-6b6e-41c7-88e8-aecc501faaa5, accessed 1 March 2018; ‘Woman Follows GPS into Lake’, News.com.au, 16 May 2016,http://www.news.com.au/technology/gadgets/woman-follows-gps-into-lake/news-story/a7d362dfc4634fd094651afc63f853a1, accessed 1 March 2018.

14. Henry Grabar, ‘Navigation Apps Are Killing Our Sense of Direction.What if They Could Help Us Remember Places Instead?’ Slate, http://www.slate.com/blogs/moneybox/2017/07/10/google_and_waze_are_killing_out_sense_of_direction_what_if_they_could_help.html, accessed 6 September 2017.

15. Jean-Francois Bonnefon, Azim Shariff and Iyad Rawhan, ‘The Social Dilemma of Autonomous Vehicles’, Science 352:6293 (2016), 1573–6.

16. Christopher W.Bauman et al., ‘Revisiting External Validity: Concerns about Trolley Problems and Other Sacrificial Dilemmas in Moral Psychology’, Social and Personality Psychology Compass 8:9 (2014), 536–54.

17. John M.Darley and Daniel C.Batson, ‘“From Jerusalem to Jericho”: A Study of Situational and Dispositional Variables in Helping Behavior’, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 27:1 (1973), 100–8.

18. Kristofer D.Kusano and Hampton C.Gabler, ‘Safety Benefits of Forward Collision Warning, Brake Assist, and Autonomous Braking Systems in Rear End Collisions’, IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems 13:4(2012), 1546–55; James M.Anderson et al., Autonomous Vehicle Technology: AGuide for Policymakers (Santa Monica: RAND Corporation, 2014), esp.13–15;Daniel J.Fagnant and Kara Kockelman, ‘Preparing a Nation for Autonomous Vehicles: Opportunities, Barriers and Policy Recommendations’, Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice 77 (2015), 167–81.

19. Tim Adams, ‘Job Hunting Is a Matter of Big Data, Not How You Perform at an Interview’, Guardian, 10 May 2014, https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2014/may/10/job-hunting-big-data-interview-algorithms-employees,accessed 6 September 2017.

20. 对此有一场精彩的讨论，参见：Cathy O’Neil, Weapons of Math Destruction:How Big Data Increases Inequality and Threatens Democracy (New York:Crown, 2016)。只要有兴趣了解算法对社会和政治的可能影响，真的不能错过这本著作。

21. Bonnefon, Shariff and Rawhan, ‘Social Dilemma of Autonomous Vehicles’.

22. Vincent C.Müller and Thomas W.Simpson, ‘Autonomous Killer Robots Are Probably Good News’, University of Oxford, Blavatnik School of Government Policy Memo, November 2014; Ronald Arkin, Governing Lethal Behaviour:Embedding Ethics in a Hybrid Deliberative/Reactive Robot Architecture,Georgia Institute of Technology, Mobile Robot Lab, 2007, 1–13.

23. Bernd Greiner, War without Fronts: The USA in Vietnam, trans.Anne Wyburd and Victoria Fern (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2009), 16.关于当时士兵的情绪状况，可参见：Herbert Kelman and V.Lee Hamilton, ‘The My Lai Massacre: A Military Crime of Obedience’ in Jodi O’Brien and David M.Newman (eds.), Sociology: Exploring the Architecture of Everyday Life Reading (Los Angeles: Pine Forge Press, 2010), 13–25.

24. Robert J.Donia, Radovan Karadzic: Architect of the Bosnian Genocide(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2015).同时参见：Isabella Delpla,Xavier Bougarel and Jean-Louis Fournel, Investigating Srebrenica: Institutions,Facts, and Responsibilities (New York, Oxford: Berghahn Books, 2012).

25. Noel E.Sharkey, ‘The Evitability of Autonomous Robot Warfare’, International Rev.Red Cross 94 (886) 2012, 787–99.

26. Ben Schiller, ‘Algorithms Control Our Lives: Are They Benevolent Rulers or Evil Dictators?’, Fast Company, 21 February 2017, https://www.fastcompany.com/3068167/algorithms-control-our-lives-are-they-benevolent-rulers-or-evildictators, accessed 17 September 2017.

27. Elia Zureik, David Lyon and Yasmeen Abu-Laban (eds.), Surveillance and Control in Israel/Palestine: Population, Territory and Power (London:Routledge, 2011); Elia Zureik, Israel’s Colonial Project in Palestine(London: Routledge, 2015); Torin Monahan (ed.), Surveillance and Security:Technological Politics and Power in Everyday Life (London: Routledge, 2006);Nadera Shalhoub-Kevorkian, ‘E-Resistance and Technological In/Security in Everday Life: The Palestinian case’, British Journal of Criminology, 52:1 (2012),55–72; Or Hirschauge and Hagar Sheizaf, ‘Targeted Prevention: Exposing the New System for Dealing with Individual Terrorism’, Haaretz, 26 May 2017, https://www.haaretz.co.il/magazine/.premium-1.4124379, accessed 17 September 2017; Amos Harel, ‘The IDF Accelerates the Crisscrossing of the West Bank with Cameras and Plans to Surveille all Junctions’, Haaretz, 18 June 2017, https://www.haaretz.co.il/news/politics/.premium-1.4179886, accessed 17 September 2017; Neta Alexander, ‘This is How Israel Controls the Digital and Cellular Space in the Territories’, 31 March 2016, https://www.haaretz.co.il/magazine/.premium-MAGAZINE-1.2899665, accessed 12 January 2018; Amos Harel, ‘Israel Arrested Hundreds of Palestinians as Suspected Terrorists Due to Publications on the Internet’, Haaretz, 16 April 2017, https://www.haaretz.co.il/news/politics/.premium-1.4024578, accessed 15 January 2018; Alex Fishman,‘The Argaman Era’, Yediot Aharonot, Weekend Supplement, 28 April 2017, 6.

28. Yotam Berger, ‘Police Arrested a Palestinian Based on an Erroneous Translation of “Good Morning” in His Facebook Page’, Haaretz, 22 October 2017, https://www.haaretz.co.il/.premium-1.4528980, accessed 12 January 2018.

29. William Beik, Louis XIV and Absolutism: A Brief Study with Documents (Boston,MA: Bedford/St Martin’s, 2000).

30. O’Neil, Weapons of Math Destruction, op.cit.; Penny Crosman, ‘Can AI Be Programmed to Make Fair Lending Decisions?’, American Banker,27 September 2016, https://www.americanbanker.com/news/can-ai-beprogrammed-to-make-fair-lending-decisions, accessed 17 September 2017.

31. Matt Reynolds, ‘Bias Test to Prevent Algorithms Discriminating Unfairly’, New Scientist, 29 May 2017, https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg23431195–300-bias-test-to-prevent-algorithms-discriminating-unfairly/, accessed 17 September 2017; Claire Cain Miller, ‘When Algorithms Discriminate’, New York Times, 9 July 2015, https://www.nytimes.com/2015/07/10/upshot/whenalgorithms-discriminate.html, accessed 17 September 2017; Hannah Devlin,‘Discrimination by Algorithm: Scientists Devise Test to Detect AI Bias’,Guardian, 19 December 2016, https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2016/dec/19/discrimination-by-algorithm-scientists-devise-test-to-detect-ai-bias,accessed 17 September 2017.

32. Snyder, The Road to Unfreedom, op.cit.

33. Anna Lisa Peterson, Being Animal: Beasts and Boundaries in Nature Ethics (New York: Columbia University&Press, 2013), 100.

第4章

1. ‘Richest 1 Percent Bagged 82 Percent of Wealth Created Last Year – Poorest Half of Humanity Got Nothing’, Oxfam, 22 January 2018, https://www.oxfam.org/en/pressroom/pressreleases/2018-01-22/richest-1-percent-bagged-82-percent-wealth-created-last-year, accessed 28 February 2018; Josh Lowe, ‘The 1 Percent Now Have Half the World's Wealth’, Newsweek, 14 November 2017, http://www.newsweek.com/1-wealth-money-half-world-global-710714, accessed 28 February 2018; Adam Withnall, ‘All the World’s Most Unequal Countries Revealed in One Chart’, Independent, 23 November 2016, http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/politics/credit-suisse-global-wealth-world-most-unequal-countries-revealed-a7434431.html, accessed 11 March 2018.

2. Tim Wu, The Attention Merchants (New York: Alfred A.Knopf, 2016).

3. Dan Bates, ‘YouTube Is Losing Money Even Though It Has More Than 1 Billion Viewers’, Daily Mail, 26 February 2015, http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2970777/YouTube-roughly-breaking-nine-years-purchased-Google-billion-viewers.html, accessed 19 October 2017; Olivia Solon, ‘Google’s Bad Week: YouTube Loses Millions As Advertising Row Reaches US’, Guardian, 25 March 2017, https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/mar/25/googleyoutube-advertising-extremist-content-att-verizon, accessed 19 October 2017; Seth Fiegerman, ‘Twitter Is Now Losing Users in the US’, CNN, 27 July 2017, http://money.cnn.com/2017/07/27/technology/business/twitter-earnings/index.html, accessed 19 October 2017.

第5章

1. Mark Zuckerberg, ‘Building Global Community’, 16 February 2017, https://www.facebook.com/notes/mark-zuckerberg/building-global-community/10154544292806634/, accessed 20 August 2017.

2. John Shinal, ‘Mark Zuckerberg: Facebook can play a role that churches and Little League once filled’, CNBC, 26 June 2017, https://www.cnbc.com/2017/06/26/mark-zuckerberg-compares-facebook-to-church-little-league.html, accessed 20 August 2017.

3. http://www.cnbc.com/2017/06/26/mark-zuckerberg-compares-facebook-to-church-little-league.html; http://www.cnbc.com/2017/06/22/facebook-has-a-new-mission-following-fake-news-crisis-zuckerberg-says.html.

4. Robin Dunbar, Grooming, Gossip, and the Evolution of Language (Cambridge,MA: Harvard University Press, 1998).

5. 例如，参见：Pankaj Mishra, Age of Anger: A History of the Present (London:Penguin, 2017).

6. 大致的调查与评论可参见：Derek&Y.Darves and Michael C.Dreiling, Agents of Neoliberal Globalization: Corporate Networks, State Structures and Trade Policy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2016).

7. Lisa Eadicicco, ‘Americans Check Their Phones 8 Billion Times a Day’, Time, 15 December 2015, http://time.com/4147614/smartphone-usage-us-2015/, accessed 20 August 2017; Julie Beck, ‘Ignoring People for Phones Is the New Normal’, Atlantic, 14 June 2016, https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2016/06/ignoring-people-for-phones-is-the-new-normal-phubbing-study/486845/, accessed 20 August 2017.

8. Zuckerberg, ‘Building Global Community’, op.cit.

9. Time Well Spent, http://www.timewellspent.io/, accessed September 3, 2017.

10. Zuckerberg, ‘Building Global Community’, op.cit.

11. https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/oct/04/facebook-uk-corporationtax-profit; https://www.theguardian.com/business/2017/sep/21/tech-firms-taxeu-turnover-google-amazon-apple; http://www.wired.co.uk/article/facebookapple-tax-loopholes-deals.

第6章

1. Samuel P.Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order (New York: Simon Schuster, 1996); David Lauter and Brian Bennett,‘Trump Frames Anti-Terrorism Fight As a Clash of Civilizations, Defending Western Culture against Enemies’, Los Angeles Times, 6 July 2017, http://www.latimes.com/politics/la-na-pol-trump-clash-20170706–story.html, accessed 29 January 2018.Naomi O’Leary, ‘The Man Who Invented Trumpism: Geery Wilders’ Radical Path to the Pinnacle of Dutch Politics’, Politico, 23 February 2017, https://www.politico.eu/article/the-man-who-invented-trumpism-geert wilders-netherlands-pvv-vvd-populist/, accessed 31 January 2018.

2. Pankaj Mishra, From the Ruins of Empire: The Revolt Against the West and the Remaking of Asia (London: Penguin, 2013); Mishra, Age of Anger, op.cit.; Christopher de Bellaigue, The Muslim Enlightenment: The Modern Struggle Between Faith and Reason (London: The Bodley Head, 2017).

3. ‘Treaty Establishing A Constitution for Europe’, European Union, https://europa.eu/european-union/sites/europaeu/files/docs/body/treaty_establishing_a_ constitution_for_europe_en.pdf, accessed 18 October 2017.

4. Phoebe Greenwood, ‘Jerusalem Mayor Battles Ultra-Orthodox Groups over Women-Free Billboards’, Guardian, 15 November 2011, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/nov/15/jerusalem-mayor-battle-orthodox-billboards, accessed 7 January 2018.

5. http://nypost.com/2015/10/01/orthodox-publications-wont-show-hillary-clintons-photo/

6. Simon Schama, The Story of the Jews: Finding the Words 1000 BC – 1492 AD (New York: Ecco, 2014), 190–7; Hannah Wortzman, ‘Jewish Women in Ancient Synagogues: Archaeological Reality vs.Rabbinical Legislation’, Women in Judaism 5:2 (2008), http://wjudaism.library.utoronto.ca/index.php/wjudaism/ article/view/3537, accessed 29 January 2018; Ross S.Kraemer, ‘Jewish Women in the Diaspora World of Late Antiquity’ in Judith R.Baskin (ed.), Jewish Womenin Historical Perspective (Detroit: Wayne State University&Press, 1991), esp.49;Hachlili Rachel, Ancient Synagogues – Archaeology and Art: New Discoveries and Current Research (Leiden: Brill, 2014), 578–81; Zeev Weiss, ‘The Sepphoris Synagogue Mosaic: Abraham, the Temple and the Sun God – They’re All in There’, Biblical Archeology Society 26:5 (2000), 48–61; David Milson, Art and Architecture of the Synagogue in Late Antique Palestine (Leiden: Brill, 2007),48.

7. Ivan Watson and Pamela Boykoff, ‘World’s Largest Muslim Group Denounces Islamist Extremism’, CNN, 10 May 2016, http://edition.cnn.com/2016/05/10/ asia/indonesia-extremism/index.html, accessed 8 January 2018; Lauren Markoe,‘Muslim Scholars Release Open Letter To Islamic State Meticulously Blasting Its Ideology’, Huffington Post, 25 September 2014, https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/09/24/muslim-scholars-islamic-state_n_5878038.html, accessed 8 January 2018; for the letter, see: ‘Open Letter to Al-Baghdadi’, http://www.lettertobaghdadi.com/, accessed 8 January 2018.

8. Chris Perez, ‘Obama Defends the “True Peaceful Nature of Islam”’, New York Post, 18 February 2015, http://nypost.com/2015/02/18/obama-defends-the-true-peaceful-nature-of-islam/, accessed 17 October 2017; Dave Boyer, ‘Obama Says Terrorists Not Motivated By True Islam’, Washington Times, 1 February 2015,http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2015/feb/1/obama-says-terrorists-not-motivated-true-islam/, accessed 18 October 2017.

9. De Bellaigue, The Islamic Enlightenment, op.cit.

10. Christopher McIntosh, The Swan King: Ludwig II of Bavaria&(London: I.B.Tauris, 2012), 100.

11. Robert Mitchell Stern, Globalization and International Trade Policies(Hackensack: World Scientific, 2009), 23.

12. John K.Thornton, A Cultural History of the Atlantic World, 1250–1820(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012), 110.

13. Susannah Cullinane, Hamdi Alkhshali and Mohammed Tawfeeq, ‘Tracking a Trail of Historical Obliteration: ISIS Trumpets Destruction of Nimrud’, CNN,14 April 2015, http://edition.cnn.com/2015/03/09/world/iraq-isis-heritage/index.html, accessed 18 October 2017.

14. Kenneth Pomeranz, The Great Divergence: China, Europe and the Making of the Modern World Economy (Princeton, Oxford: Princeton University Press,2001), 36–8.

15. ‘ISIS Leader Calls for Muslims to Help Build Islamic State in Iraq’,CBCNEWS, 1 July 2014, http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/isis-leader-calls-formuslims-to-help-build-islamic-state-in-iraq-1.2693353, accessed 18 October 2017; Mark Townsend, ‘What Happened to the British Medics Who Went to Work for ISIS?’, Guardian, 12 July 2015, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jul/12/british-medics-isis-turkey-islamic-state, accessed 18 October 2017.

第7章

1. Francis Fukuyama, Political Order and Political Decay: From the Industrial Revolution to the Globalization of Democracy (New York: Farrar, Straus Giroux, 2014).

2. Ashley Killough, ‘Lyndon Johnson’s “Daisy” Ad, Which Changed the World of Politics, Turns 50’, CNN, 8 September 2014, http://edition.cnn.com/2014/09/07/politics/daisy-ad-turns-50/index.html, accessed 19 October 2017.

3. ‘Cause-Specific Mortality: Estimates for 2000–2015’, World Health Organization, http://www.who.int/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/estimates/en/index1.html, accessed 19 October 2017.

4. David E.Sanger and William J.Broad, ‘To counter Russia, US signals nuclear arms are back in a big way’, New York Times, 4 February 2018, https://www.nytimes.com/2018/02/04/us/politics/trump-nuclear-russia.html accessed 6 February 2018; US Department of Defense, ‘Nuclear Posture Review 2018’, https://www.defense.gov/News/Special-Reports/0218_npr/ accessed 6 February 2018; Jennifer Hansler, ‘Trump Says He Wants Nuclear Arsenal in “Tip-Top Shape”, Denies Desire to Increase Stockpile’, CNN, 12 October 2017, http://edition.cnn.com/2017/10/11/politics/nuclear-arsenal-trump/index.html, accessed 19 October 2017; Jim Garamone, ‘DoD Official: National Defense Strategy Will Enhance Deterrence’, Department of Defense News, Defense Media Activity, 19 January 2018, https://www.defense.gov/News/Article/Article/1419045/dod-official-national-defense-strategy-will-rebuild-dominance-enhance-deterrence/, accessed 28 January 2018.

5. Michael Mandelbaum, Mission Failure: America and the World in the Post-Cold War Era (New York: Oxford University Press, 2016).

6. Elizabeth Kolbert, Field Notes from a Catastrophe (London: Bloomsbury, 2006); Elizabeth Kolbert, The Sixth Extinction: An Unnatural History (London: Bloomsbury, 2014); Will Steffen et al., ‘Planetary Boundaries: Guiding Human Development on a Changing Planet’, Science 347:6223, 13 February 2015, DOI: 10.1126/science.1259855.

7. John Cook et al., ‘Quantifying the Consensus on Anthropogenic Global Warming in the Scientific Literature’, Environmental Research Letters 8:2 (2013); John Cook et al., ‘Consensus on Consensus: A Synthesis of Consensus Estimates on Human-Caused Global Warming’, Environmental Research Letters 11:4 (2016); Andrew Griffin, ‘15,000 Scientists Give Catastrophic Warning about the Fate of the World in New “Letter to Humanity”’, Independent, 13 November 2017, http://www.independent.co.uk/environment/letter-to-humanity-warning climate-change-global-warming-scientists-union-concerned-a8052481.html, accessed 8 January 2018; Justin Worland, ‘Climate Change Is Already Wreaking Havoc on Our Weather, Scientists Find’, Time, 15 December 2017, http://time.com/5064577/climate-change-arctic/, accessed 8 January 2018.

8. Richard J.Millar et al., ‘Emission Budgets and Pathways Consistent with Limiting Warming to 1.5 C’, Nature Geoscience 10 (2017), 741–7; Joeri Rogelj et al.,‘Differences between Carbon Budget Estimates Unraveled’, Nature Climate Change 6 (2016), 245–52; Ashkat Rathi, ‘Did We Just Buy Decades More Time to Hit Climate Goals’, Quartz, 21 September 2017, https://qz.com/1080883/the-breathtaking-new-climate-change-study-hasnt-changed-the-urgency-with-whichwe-must-reduce-emissions/, accessed 11 February 2018; Roz Pidcock, ‘Carbon Briefing: Making Sense of the IPCC's New Carbon Budget’, Carbon Brief, 23 October 2013, https://www.carbonbrief.org/carbon-briefing-making-sense-of-the-ipccs-new-carbon-budget, accessed 11 February 2018.

9. Jianping Huang et al., ‘Accelerated Dryland Expansion under Climate Change’, Nature Climate Change 6 (2016), 166–71; Thomas R.Knutson, ‘Tropical Cyclones and Climate Change’, Nature Geoscience 3 (2010), 157–63; Edward Hanna et al., ‘Ice-Sheet Mass Balance and Climate Change’, Nature 498 (2013), 51–9; Tim Wheeler and Joachim von Braun, ‘Climate Change Impacts on Global Food Security’, Science 341:6145 (2013), 508–13; A.J.Challinor et al., ‘A Meta Analysis of Crop Yield under Climate Change and Adaptation’, Nature Climate Change 4 (2014), 287–91; Elisabeth Lingren et al., ‘Monitoring EU Emerging Infectious Disease Risk Due to Climate Change’, Science 336:6080 (2012), 418–19; Frank Biermann and Ingrid&Boas, ‘Preparing for a Warmer World: Towards a Global Governance System to Protect Climate Change’, Global Environmental Politics 10:1 (2010), 60–88; Jeff Goodell, The Water Will Come: Rising Seas, Sinking Cities and the Remaking of the Civilized World (New York: Little, Brown and Company, 2017); Mark Lynas, Six Degrees: Our Future on a Hotter Planet (Washington: National Geographic, 2008); Naomi Klein, This Changes Everything: Capitalism vs.Climate (New York: Simon Schuster, 2014); Kolbert, The Sixth Extinction, op.cit.

10. Johan Rockstr?m et al., ‘A Roadmap for Rapid Decarbonization’, Science 355:6331, 23 March 2017, DOI: 10.1126/science.aah3443.

11. Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Global Food: Waste Not, Want Not (London:Institution of Mechanical Engineers, 2013), 12.

12. Paul Shapiro, Clean Meat: How Growing Meat Without Animals Will Revolutionize Dinner and the World (New York: Gallery Books, 2018).

13. ‘Russia's Putin Says Climate Change in Arctic Good for Economy,’ CBS News, 30 March 2017, http://www.cbc.ca/news/technology/russia-putinclimate-change-beneficial-economy-1.4048430, accessed 1 March 2018;Neela Banerjee, ‘Russia and the US Could be Partners in Climate Change Inaction,’ Inside Climate News, 7 February 2017, https://insideclimatenews.org/news/06022017/russia-vladimir-putin-donald-trump-climate-change-parisclimate-agreement, accessed 1 March 2018; Noah Smith, ‘Russia Wins in a Retreat on Climate Change’, Bloomberg&View, 15 December 2016, https://www.bloomberg.com/view/articles/2016–12-15/russia-wins-in-a-retreat-on-climatechange, accessed March 1, 2018; Gregg Easterbrook, ‘Global Warming: Who Loses — and Who Wins?’, Atlantic (April 2007), https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2007/04/global-warming-who-loses-and-who-wins/305698/,accessed 1 March 2018; Quentin Buckholz, ‘Russia and Climate Change: A Looming Threat’, Diplomat, 4 February 2016, https://thediplomat.com/2016/02/russia-and-climate-change-a-looming-threat/, accessed 1 March 2018.

14. Brian Eckhouse, Ari Natter and Christopher Martin, ‘President Trump slaps tariffs on solar panels in major blow to renewable energy’, 22 January 2018,http://time.com/5113472/donald-trump-solar-panel-tariff/, accessed 30 January 2018.

15. Miranda Green and Rene Marsh, ‘Trump Administration Doesn’t Want to Talk about Climate Change’, CNN, 13 September 2017, http://edition.cnn.com/2017/09/12/politics/trump-climate-change-silence/index.html, accessed 22 October 2017; Lydia Smith, ‘Trump Administration Deletes Mention of “Climate Change” from Environmental Protection Agency’s Website’, Independent,22 October 2017, http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/uspolitics/donald-trump-administration-climate-change-deleted-environmentalprotection-agency-website-a8012581.html, accessed 22 October 2017; Alana Abramson, ‘No, Trump Still Hasn’t Changed His Mind About Climate Change After Hurricane Irma and Harvey’, Time, 11 September 2017, http://time.com/4936507/donald-trump-climate-change-hurricane-irma-hurricane-harvey/,accessed 22 October 2017.

16. ‘Treaty Establishing A Constitution for Europe’, European Union, https://europa.eu/european-union/sites/europaeu/files/docs/body/treaty_establishing_a_constitution_for_europe_en.pdf, accessed 23 October 2017.

第8章

1. Bernard S.Cohn, Colonialism and Its Forms of Knowledge: The British in India (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1996), 148.

2. ‘Encyclical Letter Laudato Si’ of the Holy Father Francis on Care for Our Common Home’, The Holy See, http://w2.vatican.va/content/francesco/en/encyclicals/documents/papa-francesco_20150524_enciclica-laudato-si.html, accessed 3 December 2017.

3. 最早由弗洛伊德在他1930年的著作《文明与缺憾》中提到：Sigmund Freud, Civilization and Its Discontents, trans.James Strachey (New York: W.W.Norton, 1961), 61.

4. Ian Buruma, Inventing Japan, 1853–1964 (New York: Modern Library, 2003).

5. Robert Axell, Kamikaze: Japan’s Suicide Gods (London: Longman, 2002).

第9章

1. ‘Global Trends: Forced Displacement in 2016’, UNHCR, http://www.unhcr.org/5943e8a34.pdf, accessed 11 January 2018.

2. Lauren Gambini, ‘Trump Pans Immigration Proposal as Bringing People from“Shithole Countries”’, Guardian, 12 January 2018, https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2018/jan/11/trump-pans-immigration-proposal-as-bringing-people from-shithole-countries, accessed 11 February 2018.

3. Tal Kopan, ‘What Donald Trump Has Said about Mexico and Vice Versa’, CNN,31 August 2016, https://edition.cnn.com/2016/08/31/politics/donald-trump-mexico-statements/index.html, accessed 28 February 2018.

第10章

1. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/0/many-people-killed-terrorist-attacks uk/; National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism (START) (2016), Global Terrorism Database [Data file].Retrieved from https://www.start.umd.edu/gtd; http://www.cnsnews.com/news/article/ susan-jones/11774–number-terror-attacks-worldwide-dropped-13–2015; http://www.datagraver.com/case/people-killed-by-terrorism-per-year-in-westerneurope-1970-2015; http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/statistics-on-incidents-of-terrorism-worldwide; Gary LaFree, Laura Dugan and Erin Miller, Putting Terrorism in Context: Lessons from the Global Terrorism Database (London: Routledge, 2015); Gary LaFree, ‘Using open source data to counter common myths about terrorism’ in Brian Forst, Jack Greene and Jim Lynch (eds.), Criminologists on Terrorism and Homeland Security (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011), 411–42; Gary LaFree, ‘The Global Terrorism Database: Accomplishments and challenges’, Perspectives on Terrorism 4 (2010), 24–46; Gary LaFree and Laura Dugan, ‘Research on terrorism and countering terrorism’ in M.Tonry (ed.), Crime and Justice: A Review of Research (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2009), 413–77; Gary LaFree and Laura Dugan,‘Introducing the global terrorism database’, Political Violence and Terrorism 19(2007), 181–204.

2. ‘Deaths on the roads: Based on the WHO Global Status Report on Road Safety 2015’, World Health Organization, accessed 26 January 2016; https://wonder.cdc.gov/mcd-icd10.html; ‘Global Status Report on Road Safety 2013’, World Health Organization; http://gamapserver.who.int/gho/interactive_charts/road_safety/road_traffic_deaths/atlas.html; http://www.who.int/violence_injury_prevention/road_safety_status/2013/en/; http://www.newsweek.com/2015–brought-biggest-us-traffic-death-increase-50-years-427759.

3. http://www.euro.who.int/en/health-topics/noncommunicable-diseases/diabetes/data-and-statistics; http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/204871/1/9789241565257_eng.pdf?ua=1;https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2016/sep/27/more-than-million-died-due-air-pollution-china-one-year.

4. 关于这场战役，参见：Gary Sheffield, Forgotten Victory: The First World War. Myths and Reality (London: Headline, 2001), 137–64.

5. ‘Victims of Palestinian Violence and Terrorism since September 2000’, Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs, http://mfa.gov.il/MFA/ForeignPolicy/Terrorism/ Palestinian/Pages/Victims%20of%20Palestinian%20Violence%20and%20 Terrorism%20sinc.aspx, accessed 23 October 2017.

6. ‘Car Accidents with Casualties, 2002’, Central Bureau of Statistics(in Hebrew), http://www.cbs.gov.il/www/publications/acci02/acci02h.pdf, accessed 23 October 2017.

7. ‘Pan Am Flight 103 Fast Facts’, CNN, 16 December 2016, http://edition.cnn.com/2013/09/26/world/pan-am-flight-103-fast-facts/index.html, accessed 23 October 2017.

8. Tom Templeton and Tom Lumley, ‘9/11 in Numbers’, Guardian, 18 August 2002, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2002/aug/18/usa.terrorism, accessed 23 October 2017.

9. Ian Westwell and Dennis Cove (eds.), History of World War I, vol.2 (New York: Marshall Cavendish, 2002), 431.关于伊松佐河战役，请参见：John R.Schindler, Isonzo: The Forgotten Sacrifice of the Great War (Westport: Praeger, 2001), 217–18.

10. Sergio Catignani, Israeli Counter-Insurgency and the Intifadas: Dilemmas of a Conventional Army (London: Routledge, 2008).

11. ‘Reported Rapes in France&Jump 18% in Five Years’, France 24, 11 August 2015, http://www.france24.com/en/20150811-reported-rapes-france-jump-18-five-years, accessed 11 January 2018.

第11章

1. Yuval Noah Harari, Homo Deus: A Brief History of Tomorrow (New York: Harper Collins, 2017), 14–19; ‘Global Health Observatory Data Repository, 2012’, World Health Organization,http://apps.who.int/gho/data/node.main. RCODWORLD?lang=en, accessed 16 August 2015; ‘Global Study on Homicide, 2013’, UNDOC, http://www.unodc.org/documents/gsh/pdfs/2014_GLOBAL_HOMICIDE_BOOK_web.pdf; accessed 16 August 2015; http://www.who.int/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/estimates/en/index1.html.

2. ‘World Military Spending: Increases in the USA and Europe, Decreases in Oil Exporting Countries’, Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, 24 April 2017, https://www.sipri.org/media/press-release/2017/world-military-spending-increases-usa-and-europe, accessed October 23, 2017.

3. http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/battles/egypt/popup/telel4.htm.

4. Spencer C.Tucker (ed.), The Encyclopedia of the Mexican-American War: A Political, Social and Military History (Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO, 2013), 131.

5. Ivana Kottasova, ‘Putin Meets Xi: Two Economies, Only One to Envy’, CNN, 2 July 2017, http://money.cnn.com/2017/07/02/news/economy/china-russia-putin-xi-meeting/index.html, accessed 23 October 2017.

6. GDP数据参考国际货币基金组织（IMF）统计数据，根据购买力平价来计算：International Monetary Fund, ‘Report for Selected Countries and Subjects,2017’, https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2017/02/weodata/index.aspx, accessed 27 February 2018.

7. http://www.businessinsider.com/isis-making-50–million-a-month-from-oil-sales-2015–10.

8. Ian Buruma, Inventing Japan (London: Weidenfeld Nicolson, 2003); Eri Hotta, Japan 1941: Countdown to Infamy (London: Vintage, 2014).

第12章

1. http://www.ancientpages.com/2015/10/19/10–remarkable-ancient-indian-sages-familiar-with-advanced-technology-science-long-before-modern-era/; https://www.hindujagruti.org/articles/31.html; http://mcknowledge.info/about-vedas/what-is-vedic-science/.

2. 这些数据及比例可参考：Conrad Hackett and David McClendon, ‘Christians Remain World’s Largest Religious Group, but They Are Declining in Europe’, Pew Research Center, 5 April 2017, http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/04/05/christians-remain-worlds-largest-religious-group-but-they-are-declining-in-europe/, accessed 13 November 2017.

3. Jonathan Haidt, The Righteous Mind: Why Good People Are Divided by Politics and Religion (New York: Pantheon, 2012); Joshua Greene, Moral Tribes: Emotion, Reason, and the Gap Between Us and Them (New York: Penguin Press, 2013).

4. Marc Bekoff and Jessica Pierce, ‘Wild Justice – Honor and Fairness among Beasts at Play’, American Journal of Play 1:4 (2009), 451–75.

5. Frans de Waal, Our Inner Ape (London: Granta, 2005), ch.5.

6. Frans de Waal, Bonobo: The Forgotten Ape (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997), 157.

7. 这个故事后来被拍成纪录片，片名为《黑猩猩》（Chimpanzee），由迪士尼自然（Disneynature）于2010年推出。

8. M.E.J.Richardson, Hammurabi’s Laws (London, New York: TT Clark International, 2000), 29–31.

9. Loren R.Fisher, The Eloquent Peasant, 2nd edn (Eugene: Wipf Stock Publishers, 2015).

10. 有些拉比允许为了拯救非犹太人而亵渎安息日，理由也是出自典型的“塔木德”思考方式。他们认为，如果犹太人不拯救非犹太人，就会激怒他们，导致他们攻击并杀害犹太人。所以通过拯救非犹太人，可能就是间接拯救了一个犹太人。但这个论点仍然强调非犹太人和犹太人的生命并不等值。

11. Catherine Nixey, The Darkening Age: The Christian Destruction of the Classical World (London: Macmillan, 2017).

12. Charles Allen, Ashoka: The Search for India’s Lost Emperor (London: Little,Brown, 2012), 412–13.

13. Clyde Pharr et al.(eds.), The Theodosian Code and Novels, and the Sirmondian Constitutions (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1952), 440, 467–71.

14. Ibid., esp.472-3.

15. Sofie Remijsen, The End of Greek Athletics in Late Antiquity (Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 2015), 45–51.

16. Ruth Schuster, ‘Why Do Jews Win So Many Nobels?’, Haaretz, 9 October 2013, https://www.haaretz.com/jewish/news/1.551520, accessed 13 November 2017.

第13章

1. Lillian Faderman, The Gay Revolution: The Story of the Struggle (New York: Simon Schuster, 2015).

2. Elaine Scarry, The Body in Pain: The Making and Unmaking of the World (New York: Oxford University Press, 1985).

第14章

1. Jonathan H.Turner, Incest: Origins of the Taboo (Boulder: Paradigm Publishers, 2005); Robert J.Kelly et al., ‘Effects of Mother-Son Incest and Positive Perceptions of Sexual Abuse Experiences on the Psychosocial Adjustment of Clinic-Referred Men’, Child Abuse Neglect 26:4 (2002), 425–41; Mireille Cyr et al., ‘Intrafamilial Sexual Abuse: Brother-Sister Incest Does Not Differ from Father-Daughter and Stepfather-Stepdaughter Incest’, Child Abuse Neglect 26:9 (2002), 957–73; Sandra S.Stroebel, ‘Father–Daughter Incest: Data from an Anonymous Computerized Survey’, Journal of Child Sexual Abuse 21:2 (2010), 176–99.

第15章

1. Steven A.Sloman and Philip Fernbach, The Knowledge Illusion: Why We Never Think Alone (New York: Riverhead Books, 2017); Greene, Moral Tribes, op.cit.

2. Sloman and Fernbach, The Knowledge Illusion, op.cit., 20.

3. Eli Pariser, The Filter Bubble (London: Penguin Books, 2012); Greene, Moral Tribes, op.cit.

4. Greene, Moral Tribes, op.cit.; Dan M.Kahan, ‘The Polarizing Impact of Science Literacy and Numeracy on Perceived Climate Change Risks’, Nature Climate Change 2 (2012), 732–5.但也有人提出相反的论点，参见：Sophie Guy et al., ‘Investigating the Effects of Knowledge and Ideology on Climate Change Beliefs’, European Journal of Social Psychology 44:5 (2014), 421–9.

5. Arlie Russell Hochschild, Strangers in Their Own Land: Anger and Mourning on the American Right (New York: The New Press, 2016).

第16章

1. Greene, Moral Tribes, op.cit.; Robert Wright, The Moral Animal (New York: Pantheon, 1994).

2. Kelsey Timmerman, Where Am I Wearing?: A Global Tour of the Countries, Factories, and People That Make Our Clothes (Hoboken: Wiley, 2012); Kelsey Timmerman, Where Am I Eating?: An Adventure Through the Global Food Economy (Hoboken: Wiley, 2013).

3. Reni Eddo-Lodge, Why I Am No Longer Talking to White People About Race (London: Bloomsbury, 2017); Ta-Nehisi Coates, Between the World and Me (Melbourne: Text Publishing Company, 2015).

4. Josie Ensor, ‘“Everyone in Syria Is Bad Now”, Says UN War Crimes Prosecutor as She Quits Post’, New York Times, 17 August 2017, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/08/07/everyone-syria-bad-now-says-un-war-crimes-prosecutor-quits-post/, accessed 18 October 2017.

5. 例如，参见：Helena Smith, ‘Shocking Images of Drowned Syrian Boy Show Tragic Plight of Refugees’, Guardian, 2 September 2015, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/sep/02/shocking-image-of-drowned-syrian-boy-shows-tragic-plight-of-refugees, accessed 18 October 2017.

6. T.Kogut and I.Ritov, ‘The singularity effect of identified victims in separate and joint evaluations’, Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 97:2 (2005), 106–16; D.A.Small and G.Loewenstein, ‘Helping a victim or helping the victim: Altruism and identifiability’, Journal of Risk and Uncertainty 26:1 (2003), 5–16; Greene, Moral Tribes, op.cit., 264.

7. Russ Alan Prince, ‘Who Rules the World?’, Forbes, 22 July 2013, https://www.forbes.com/sites/russalanprince/2013/07/22/who-rules-the-world/#63c9e31d7625, accessed 18 October 2017.

第17章

1. Julian Borger, ‘Putin Offers Ukraine&Olive Branches Delivered by Russian Tanks’, Guardian, 4 March 2014, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/mar/04/putin-ukraine-olive-branches-russian-tanks, accessed 11 March 2018.

2. Serhii Plokhy, Lost Kingdom: The Quest for Empire and the Making of the Russian Nation (New York: Basic Books, 2017); Snyder, The Road to Unfreedom, op.cit.

3. Matthew Paris, Matthew Paris’ English History, trans.J.A.Gyles, vol.3 (London: Henry G.Bohn, 1854), 138–41; Patricia Healy Wasyliw, Martyrdom, Murder and Magic: Child Saints and Their Cults in Medieval Europe (New York: Peter Lang, 2008), 123–5.

4. Cecilia Kang and Adam Goldman, ‘In Washington Pizzeria Attack, Fake News Brought Real Guns’, New York Times, 5 December 2016, https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/05/business/media/comet-ping-pong-pizza-shooting-fake-news-consequences.html, accessed 12 January 2018.

5. Leonard B.Glick, Abraham’s Heirs: Jews and Christians in Medieval Europe (Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1999), 228–9.

6. Anthony Bale, ‘Afterword: Violence, Memory and the Traumatic Middle Ages’ in Sarah Rees Jones and Sethina Watson (eds.), Christians and Jews in Angevin England: The York Massacre of 1190, Narrative and Contexts (York: York Medieval Press, 2013), 297.

7. 虽然常常有人说这句名言出自戈培尔，但不论是我本人还是我认真努力的研究助理，都找不到他说过或写过这句话的证据，倒也真是符合这句话的情形了。

8. Hilmar Hoffman, The Triumph of Propaganda: Film and National Socialism,1933–1945 (Providence: Berghahn Books, 1997), 140.

9. Lee Hockstader, ‘From A Ruler’s Embrace To A Life In Disgrace’, Washington Post, 10 March 1995, accessed 29 January 2018.

10. Thomas Pakenham, The Scramble for Africa (London: Weidenfeld Nicolson, 1991), 616–17.

第18章

1. Aldous Huxley, Brave New World (London: Vintage, year?), ch.17.

第19章

1. Wayne A.Wiegand and Donald G.Davis (eds.), Encyclopedia of Library History (New York, London: Garland Publishing, 1994), 432–3.

2. Verity Smith (ed.), Concise Encyclopedia of Latin American Literature (London, New York: Routledge, 2013), 142, 180.

3. Cathy N.Davidson, The New Education: How to Revolutionize the University to Prepare Students for a World in Flux (New York: Basic Books, 2017); Bernie Trilling, 21st Century Skills: Learning for Life in Our Times (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 2009); Charles Kivunja, ‘Teaching Students to Learn and to Work Well with 21st Century Skills: Unpacking the Career and Life Skills Domain of the New Learning Paradigm’, International Journal of Higher Education 4:1 (2015).P21的网站请见：‘P21 Partnership for 21st Century Learning’, http://www.p21. org/our-work/4cs-research-series, accessed 12 January 2018.想参考这种新教法的实例，请参见美国国家教育协会（National Education Association）出版的：‘Preparing 21st Century Students for a Global Society’, NEA, http://www.nea.org/assets/docs/A-Guide-to-Four-Cs.pdf, accessed 21 January 2018.

4. Maddalaine Ansell, ‘Jobs for Life Are a Thing of the Past.Bring On Lifelong Learning’, Guardian, 31 May 2016, https://www.theguardian.com/higher-education-network/2016/may/31/jobs-for-life-are-a-thing-of-the-past-bring-on-lifelong-learning.

5. Erik B.Bloss et al., ‘Evidence for Reduced Experience-Dependent Dendritic Spine Plasticity in the Aging Prefrontal Cortex’, Journal of Neuroscience 31:21 (2011): 7831–9;Miriam Matamales et al., ‘Aging-Related Dysfunction of Striatal Cholinergic Interneurons Produces Conflict in Action Selection’, Neuron 90:2 (2016), 362–72; Mo Costandi, ‘Does your brain produce new cells? A skeptical view of human adult neurogenesis’, Guardian, 23 February 2012, https://www.theguardian.com/science/neurophilosophy/2012/feb/23/brain-new-cells-adult-neurogenesis, accessed 17 August 2017; Gianluigi Mongillo, Simon Rumpel and Yonatan Loewenstein, ‘Intrinsic volatility of synaptic connections – a challenge to the synaptic trace theory of memory’, Current Opinion in Neurobiology 46 (2017), 7–13.

第20章

1. Karl Marx&and Friedrich Engels, The Communist Manifesto (London, New York: Verso, 2012), 34–5.

2. Ibid., 35.

3. Raoul&Wootlif, ‘Netanyahu Welcomes Envoy Friedman to “Jerusalem, Our Eternal Capital”’, Times of Israel, 16 May 2017, https://www.timesofisrael.com/netanyahu-welcomes-envoy-friedman-to-jerusalem-our-eternal-capital/, accessed 12 January 2018; Peter Beaumont, ‘Israeli Minister’s Jerusalem Dress Proves Controversial in Cannes’, Guardian, 18 May 2017, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/may/18/israeli-minister-miri-regev-jerusalem-dress-controversialcannes, accessed 12 January 2018; Lahav Harkov, ‘New 80–Majority Jerusalem Bill Has Loophole Enabling City to Be Divided’, Jerusalem Post, 2 January 2018, http://www.jpost.com/Israel-News/Right-wing-coalition-passes-law-allowing-Jerusalem-to-be-divided-522627, accessed 12 January 2018.

4. K.P.Schroder and Robert Connon Smith, ‘Distant Future of the Sun and Earth Revisited’, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 386:1 (2008), 155–63.

5. 参见：Roy A.Rappaport, Ritual and Religion in the Making of Humanity (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999); Graham Harvey, Ritual and Religious Belief: A Reader (New York: Routledge, 2005).

6. 这是最常见的一种说法，但也有其他版本，参见：Leslie K.Arnovick, Written Reliquaries (Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2006), 250, n.30.

7. Joseph Campbell, The Hero with a Thousand Faces (London: Fontana Press, 1993), 235.

8. Xinzhong Yao, An Introduction to Confucianism (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000), 190–9.

9. ‘Flag Code of India, 2002’, Press Information Bureau, Government of India,http://pib.nic.in/feature/feyr2002/fapr2002/f030420021.html, accessed 13 August 2017.

10. http://pib.nic.in/feature/feyr2002/fapr2002/f030420021.html.

11. https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/195493-Heres-why-Indias-tallest-flag-cannot-be-hoisted-at-Pakistan-border.

12. Stephen&C.Poulson, Social Movements in Twentieth-Century Iran: Culture,Ideology and Mobilizing Frameworks (Lanham: Lexington Books, 2006), 44.

13. Houman Sharshar (ed.), The Jews of Iran: The History, Religion and Culture of a Community in the Islamic World (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014), 52–5; Houman M.Sarshar, Jewish Communities of Iran (New York: Encyclopedia Iranica Foundation, 2011), 158–60.

14. Gersion Appel, The Concise Code of Jewish Law, 2nd edn (New York: KTAV Publishing House, 1991), 191.

15. 参见：Robert O.Paxton, The Anatomy of Fascism (New York: Vintage Books, 2005).

16. Richard Griffiths, Fascism (London, New York: Continuum, 2005), 33.

17. Christian Goeschel, Suicide in the Third Reich (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009).

18. ‘Paris attacks: What happened on the night’, BBC, 9 December 2015, http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-34818994, accessed 13 August 2017;Anna Cara, ‘ISIS expresses fury over French airstrikes in Syria; France says they will continue’, CTV News, 14 November 2015, http://www.ctvnews.ca/world/isis-expresses-fury-over-french-airstrikes-in-syria-france-says-they-willcontinue-1.2658642, accessed 13 August 2017.

19. Jean de Joinville, The Life of Saint Louis in M.R.B.Shaw (ed.), Chronicles of the Crusades (London: Penguin, 1963), 243; Jean de Joinville, Vie de saint Louis,ed.Jacques Monfrin (Paris, 1995), ch.319, p.156.

20. Ray Williams, ‘How Facebook Can Amplify Low Self-Esteem/Narcissism/Anxiety’, Psychology Today, 20 May 2014, https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/wired-success/201405/how-facebook-can-amplify-low-selfesteemnarcissismanxiety, accessed 17 August 2017.

21. Mahasatipatthana Sutta, ch.2, section 1, ed.Vipassana Research Institute (Igatpuri: Vipassana Research Institute, 2006), 12–13.

22. Ibid., 5.

23. G.E.Harvey, History of Burma: From the Earliest Times to 10 March 1824(London: Frank Cass Co.Ltd, 1925), 252–60.

24. Brian Daizen Victoria, Zen at War (Lanham: Rowman Littlefield, 2006);Buruma, Inventing Japan,op.cit.;Stephen S.Large, ‘Nationalist Extremism in Early Showa Japan: Inoue Nissho and the “Blood-Pledge Corps Incident”,1932’, Modern Asian Studies 35:3 (2001), 533–64; W.L.King, Zen and the Wayof the Sword: Arming the Samurai Psyche (New York: Oxford University&Press,1993); Danny Orbach, ‘A Japanese prophet: eschatology and epistemology in the thought of Kita Ikki’, Japan Forum 23:3 (2011), 339–61.

25. ‘Facebook removes Myanmar monk’s page for “inflammatory posts” about Muslims’, Scroll.in, 27 February 2018, https://amp.scroll.in/article/870245/facebook-removes-myanmar-monks-page-for-inflammatory-posts-aboutmuslims, accessed 4 March 2018; Marella Oppenheim, ‘“It only takes one terrorist”: The Buddhist monk who reviles Myanmar’s Muslims’, Guardian, 12 May 2017, https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2017/may/12/only-takes-one-terrorist-buddhist-monk-reviles-myanmar-muslims-rohingyarefugees-ashin-wirathu, accessed 4 March 2018.

26. Jerzy Lukowski and Hubert Zawadzki, A Concise History of Poland (Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 2001), 163.

第21章

1. www.dhamma.org.

2. Britta K.H?lzel et al., ‘How Does Mindfulness Meditation Work? Proposing Mechanisms of Action from a Conceptual and Neural Perspective’, Perspectives on Psychological Science 6:6 (2011), 537–59; Adam Moore and Peter Malinowski, ‘Meditation, Mindfulness and Cognitive Flexibility’, Consciousness and Cognition 18:1 (2009), 176–86; Alberto Chiesa, Raffaella Calati and Alessandro Serretti, ‘Does Mindfulness Training Improve Cognitive Abilities? A Systematic Review of Neuropsychological Findings’, Clinical Psychology Review 31:3 (2011), 449–64; Antoine Lutz et al., ‘Attention Regulation and Monitoring in Meditation’, Trends in Cognitive Sciences 12:4 (2008), 163–9; Richard J.Davidson et al., ‘Alterations in Brain and Immune Function Produced by Mindfulness Meditation’, Psychosomatic Medicine 65:4 (2003), 564–70; Fadel Zeidan et al., ‘Mindfulness Meditation Improves Cognition: Evidence of Brief Mental Training’, Consciousness and Cognition 19:2 (2010), 597–605.

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  7. [Princeton University]普林斯顿大学（Princeton University），是世界著名私立研究型大学，位于美国新泽西州的普林斯顿市，是八所常春藤盟校之一。基督教教会曙光长老会于1746年在新泽西州伊丽莎白镇创立该校，是美国殖民时期第四所成立的高等教育学院，当时名为“新泽西学院”，1747年迁至新泽西州，1756年迁至风景优美的普林斯顿市（位于费城和纽约之间），并在1896年正式改名为“普林斯顿大学”。普林斯顿大学培养了2位美国总统、12位美国最高法院大法官和众多美国国会议员。同时，普林斯顿大学与附近的普林斯顿高等研究院（IAS）共同构成了世界著名的理论研究中心，对基础数学、理论物理学、经济学等学科的发展影响深远。截止2018年8月，共有63位诺贝尔奖获得者在普林斯顿大学工作或学习过，位列世界第十...&更多

  8. [OECD]经济合作与发展组织（英语：Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development；法语：Organisation de coopération et de développement économiques），简称经合组织（OECD），是由36个市场经济国家组成的政府间国际经济组织，旨在共同应对全球化带来的经济、社会和政府治理等方面的挑战，并把握全球化带来的机遇。成立于1961年，目前成员国总数36个，总部设在巴黎。...&更多

  9. [Intelligent Systems]Intelligent Systems（日文名：株式会社インテリジェントシステムズ）是一家电子游戏开发公司，成立于1986年。主要开发游戏有火焰之纹章系列、纸片马里奥系列、瓦里奥制造系列还有高级战争系列。加贺昭三创立的Intelligent Systems原是一家游戏小会社,因作家系井重里的推荐得到任天堂青睐成为第二方厂商，1990年4月20日推出FC版《火焰之纹章：暗黑龙与光之剑》大获成功。...&更多

  10. [Daniel Kahneman]丹尼尔·卡内曼1934年出生在以色列特拉维夫，以色列和美国双重国籍。1954年毕业于以色列希伯来大学，获心理学与数学学士学位。2002年斯德哥尔摩当地时间10月8日15时30分，瑞典皇家科学院宣布，由美国普林斯顿大学的以色列教授Daniel Kahneman和美国乔治梅森大学教授Vernon L. Smith分享2002年诺贝尔经济学奖。Daniel Kahneman是因为“把心理学研究和经济学研究结合在一起，特别是与在不确定状况下的决策制定有关的研究”而得奖。Vernon L. Smith是因为“通过实验室试验进行经济方面的经验性分析，特别是对各种市场机制的研究”而得奖。...&更多

  11. [Cambridge University Press]剑桥大学出版社（Cambridge University Press，简称CUP）隶属于英国剑桥大学，成立于1534年，是世界上历史最悠久的出版社之一。如今，该出版社每年有2000多种印刷版和电子版出版物面世，是世界上最大的教育和学术出版社之一。2008年，剑桥大学出版社出版223种学术期刊，出版领域涉及自然科学、人文社会科学及医学各个学科。...&更多

  12. [World Health Organization]世界卫生组织（World Health Organization，简称WHO）是联合国下属的一个专门机构，总部设置在瑞士日内瓦，只有主权国家才能参加，是国际上最大的政府间卫生组织。世界卫生组织的宗旨是使全世界人民获得尽可能高水平的健康。世界卫生组织的主要职能包括：促进流行病和地方病的防治；提供和改进公共卫生、疾病医疗和有关事项的教学与训练；推动确定生物制品的国际标准。...&更多

  13. [Harvard University]哈佛大学（Harvard University），简称哈佛，坐落于美国马萨诸塞-州波士顿都市区剑桥市，是一所享誉世界的私立研究型大学，是著名的常春藤盟校成员。截止2018年3月，这里走出了8位美利坚合众国总统，157位诺贝尔奖得主（世界第一）、18位菲尔兹奖得主（世界第一）、14位图灵奖得主（世界第四）曾在此工作或学习，其在文学、医学、法学、商学等多个领域拥有崇高的学术地位及广泛的影响力，被公认为是当今世界最顶尖的高等教育机构之一。哈佛同时也是美国本土历史最悠久的高等学府，其诞生于1636年，最早由马萨诸塞-州殖民地立法机关创建，初名新市民学院，是为了纪念在成立初期给予学院慷慨支持的约翰·哈佛牧师。学校于1639年3月更名为哈佛学院。1780年，...&更多

  14. [以色列]以色列国（希伯来语：מְדִינַת יִשְׂרָאֵל‎ ；阿拉伯语：دولة إِسْرَائِيل‎ ），简称“以色列”。是一个位于西亚黎凡特地区的国家，地处地中海东南沿岸，北靠黎巴嫩、东临叙利亚和约旦、西南则为埃及。1948年以色列宣布成立。2016年以色列总人口855万人，其中犹太人口共637.7万人，是世界上唯一以犹太人为主体民族的国家。1980年，以色列立法认定耶路撒冷是该国“永远的和不可分割的首都”。多数国家都将大使馆设在特拉维夫。1988年巴勒斯坦自治政府宣布耶路撒冷是巴勒斯坦国的首都。耶路撒冷由以色列实际控制。2017年美国、...&更多

  15. [David Chan]David Chan是一名演员，主要作品有《苦道》。...&更多

  16. [Nadine]美国NADINE FASHION COMPANY是一家拥有多年经营历史的女装公司，其NADINE女装品牌于2004年进驻中国市场，并授权浙江中大纺织品有限公司独家经营制造。...&更多

  17. [Ontario]安大略省是加拿大的十个省之一，为加拿大的一级行政单位，拥有总面积面积106.8万平方公里，比法国和西班牙两国面积之和还要大。安大略省南部则与美国的明尼苏达，密歇根，俄亥俄，宾夕法尼亚和纽约诸州为界，自西面的森林湖直到东部康沃尔的圣劳伦斯河。这其中包括五大湖中的苏必利尔湖、休伦湖、伊利湖和安大略湖。截至2010年7月1日，安大略省拥有人口1321.1万，居加拿大人口第一位，其中65%左右为英国后裔，5%为法国后裔，该省原住民为北美印第安人，占1.5%。2013年，安大略省实现国民生产总值6957.05亿加元，人均国民生产总值4.64万加元。 2017年10月27日，安大略省将每年12月13日定为“南京大屠杀遇难者纪念日”。同时加拿大也成为西方第一个设立“南京大屠杀遇难者纪念日”的国家。...&更多

  18. [Georgia Institute of Technology]佐治亚理工学院（Georgia Institute of Technology），简称Georgia Tech，也被简称为Gatech或GT，建校于1885年，是坐落于美国东南部第一大城市亚特兰大的世界顶尖研究型大学。佐治亚理工学院是北美顶尖大学联盟AAC的成员校，也是公立常春藤名校之一，在2017年《US NEWS WORLD REPORT》发布的综合大学排名中位列第34位，其工程学院排名全美第4位，工程院下各系均位列全美前十。在2017年《泰晤士高等教育》发布的世界大学排名中位列世界第33位，在计算机科学分类下排名世界第5位，工程与技术分类下排名世界第13位。佐治亚理工学院在全球有着顶尖的学术声誉，其代表学科是工程。该校是美国最好的理工类大学之一，与麻省理工学院，加州理工学院并列为“三大理工学院”。Georgia Tech下属的航空系统设计实验室（Aerospace Sys...&更多

  19. [Radovan Karadzic]拉多万·卡拉季奇（Radovan Karadzic，1945- ）是原波黑塞-族共和国总统，塞-尔维亚民族英雄。拉多万·卡拉季奇出生于南斯拉夫黑山共和国北部杜米托尔山区的一个小村庄。1990年，他弃医从政，创建了波黑塞-尔维亚民主党，并当选为主席。1992年当选为总统。1996年5月18日，波黑塞-尔维亚共和国总统卡拉季奇向公众发表讲话时宣布决定辞去总统职务。2016年3月24日，卡拉季奇被海牙联合国特别法庭认定在1992年至1995年波斯尼亚战争期间犯下“种族灭绝罪行”和“其他战争罪行”，判处40年监禁。...&更多

  20. [Schiller]（中文译名：喜乐）是德国当代非常着名的电子乐团。电子音乐中"高大上"的代名词，不同于荷兰简单、缺乏内涵的电子音乐。他们的音乐激昂而不流俗，动听而不缺乏激\_情，是当今世界不可多得的优秀的电子乐团之一。...&更多

  21. [Peterson]烟斗品牌Peterson是拥有超过130年历史的老品牌，有20余个系列，每系列有超过30款不同斗型的烟斗，在国外颇具收藏价值，近年来多以福尔摩斯系列为主打，是入门的最佳选择。...&更多

  22. [Columbia University]哥伦比亚大学（Columbia University），正式名称为纽约市哥伦比亚大学（Columbia University in the City of New York），简称为哥大。八大常春藤盟校之一，是一所位于美国纽约曼哈顿的世界顶级的私立研究型大学，于1754年根据英国国王乔治二世颁布的《国王宪章》而成立，最初名为国王学院，1896年正式更名为哥伦比亚大学（1784-1896为哥伦比亚学院）并迁到目前所在的晨边高地(Morningside Heights)校园，是美国大学协会创始成员。哥大是美国历史最悠久的五所大学之一，也是培养诺贝尔奖获得者最多的大学之一。哥大校园里还走出5位美国开国元勋，奥巴马、罗斯福等四位美国总统，和34位各国元首、首脑，10位美国最高法院大法官。哥伦比亚大学拥有世界一流的法学院、商学院、医学院、新闻学院、工程学院等，哥大新闻学院颁发的普利策奖（Pulitz...&更多

  23. [Oxfam]乐施会（Oxfam）是一个具有国际影响力的发展和救援组织的联盟，它由十四个独立运作的乐施会成员组成（英国、爱尔兰、加拿大、美国、魁北克（独立于加拿大分部）、新西兰、澳大利亚、荷兰、比利时、法国、德国、丹麦、香港、印度）。1942年Canon Theodore Richard Milford（1896年 - 1987年）在英国牛津郡成立，原名Oxford Committee for Famine Relief。组成目的是在二战中运送食粮到被同盟国封锁的纳粹德国占领的希腊。1963年，在加拿大成立了第一家海外分会。 1965年起改以电报地址OXFAM作为名称。乐施会是跨越种族、性别、宗教和政治界限，与政府部门、社会各界及贫穷人群合作，一起努力解决贫穷问题，并让贫穷人群得到尊重和关怀的组织。“助人自助，对抗贫穷”是乐施会的宗旨和目标。乐施会于1976年由一群关注贫困问题的志愿者在香港成立，198...&更多

  24. [Mark Zuckerberg]马克·艾略特·扎克伯格（英文：Mark Elliot Zuckerberg），1984年5月14日生于美国纽约州白原市，社交网站Facebook（脸书）的创始人兼首席执行官，被人们冠以“第二盖茨”的美誉。扎克伯格2002年毕业于艾克塞-特学校；2004年创办社交网站Facebook；2017年5月获哈佛大学荣誉法学博士学位。2017年美国《福布斯》发布2017年度全球富豪榜，扎克伯格以560亿美元排名第五；5月25日，扎克伯格在辍学12年后最终在哈佛大学毕业；7月17日，《福布斯富豪榜》发布，马克·扎克伯格以净资产667亿美元排名第六；2018年7月7日，扎克伯格超过巴菲特，成为全球第三大富豪。...&更多

  25. [Derek]Derek 是美国监控行业知名品牌，Derek Electronices Ltd.（德立克电子有限公司）负责中国及香港地区的Derek系统销售及服务。...&更多

  26. [Ecco]ECCO（爱步），成立于1963年，是来自丹麦的鞋履品牌。产品涵盖男士系列、女士系列、休闲正装系列、户外系列、运动系列、高尔夫系列和儿童系列，同时还包括包袋配件、小皮件、鞋护产品等。ECCO是为数不多达到资源垂直整合模式的制鞋公司之一——采用自上而下的营运模式——即从皮革原料的生产，到设计研发和产品制造，每一环节都由ECCO直接监管。迄今为止，ECCO已在全球87多个国家拥有超过14000家销售点；在中国，拥有超过1000个销售点。成立于1963年的丹麦知名家族企业，ECCO在全球各地拥有19000多名员工。ECCO也是好的皮革生产之一，其皮革不仅用于制作ECCO鞋履及皮具，也供应给多家奢侈品品牌。...&更多

  27. [Wayne State University]美国韦恩州立大学（Wayne State University，简称WSU）创立于1868年，位于美国密歇根州底特律市，是美国著名的公立研究型大学（R1）。校园坐落在城市的城区文化中心的历史区和韦恩州立大学建筑历史文化街区。韦恩州立大学由13所学院和超过32,000名本科生和研究生，提供超过400个主要学科领域。韦恩州立大学是密歇根州的第三大公立大学，也是美国30家规模最大的大学之一。韦恩州立大学在US News 2018年大学排名中位列美国第223位，世界排名283位，上海交大ARWU世界大学学术排名中位列美国100-119位。...&更多

  28. [Bavaria]巴伐利亚自由州（德语：Freistaat Bayern；英语：Free State of Bavaria）也常被称为拜恩、拜仁，位于德意志联邦共和国东南部，是德国面积最大的联邦州（占全国面积1/5）、人口第二大州（次于北莱茵-威斯特法伦），首府位于慕尼黑。“巴伐利亚”来自其拉丁文名称Bavaria的音译。巴伐利亚最著名的品牌有BMW（宝马），特产有啤酒，景物有新天鹅堡（迪士尼城堡原型），还有欧洲最古老的钟楼。...&更多

  29. [Iraq]伊拉克共和国（阿拉伯语：الجمهورية العراقية，库尔德语：كۆماری عێراق），简称“伊拉克”，位于亚洲西南部，阿拉伯半岛东北部，南方是沙特阿拉伯、科威特，北方是土耳其，西北是叙利亚，伊朗和约旦各位于其东西两侧。伊拉克所在地历史悠久，是两河文明的发源地。公元前4700年就出现了城邦国家。公元前2000年阿摩利人建立了世界四大文明古国之一的巴比伦王国。公元前550年起，先后遭波斯帝国、阿拉伯帝国和奥斯曼帝国入侵和统治。1920年沦为...&更多

  30. [Ingrid]Ingrid，瑞典籍电影女演员，曾获得过三次奥斯卡金像奖、两次艾美奖和一次托尼奖，因出演《北非谍影》闻名于世。...&更多

  31. [Seas]SEAS是国内著名的话筒放大器品牌，由SEAS AUDIO一手创建。目前主要有SEAS MPA系列话筒放大器，其中SEAS MPA550U更是得到了很多专业人士的认可，被誉为国内顶级话筒放大器代表。...&更多

  32. [Mark Lynas]马克·林纳斯（Mark Lynas，1973年— ），英国科普作家、环保人士，曾因为创作出由国家地理出版的《上帝的物种：在人类纪拯救地球》而引起反响，他还曾经是转基因技术的坚决反对者，但在2013年之后这一态度转变。...&更多

  33. [Bloomberg]彭博(Bloomberg)是全球商业、金融信息和财经资讯的领先提供商，由纽约市市长迈克尔·布隆伯格于1981年创立，总部位于美国纽约市曼哈顿，现有超过1万3千员工，业务遍及全球185多个国家与地区。2012年彭博资讯集团全球营业收入达76亿美元，成为全球最大的财经资讯服务提供商。...&更多

  34. [Sigmund Freud]西格蒙德·弗洛伊德（Sigmund Freud，1856年5月6日—1939年9月23日），奥地利精神病医师、心理学家、精神分析学派创始人。1873年入维也纳大学医学院学习，1881年获医学博士学位。1882—1885年在维也纳综合医院担任医师，从事脑解剖和病理学研究。然后私人开业治疗精神病。1895年正式提出精神分析的概念。1899年出版《梦的解析》，被认为是精神分析心理学的正式形成。 1919年成立国际精神分析学会，标志着精神分析学派最终形成。1930年被授予歌德奖。1936年成为英国皇家学会会员。1938年奥地利被德国侵占，赴英国避难，次年于伦敦逝世。他开创了潜意识研究的新领域，促进了动力心理学、人格心理学和变态心理学的发展，奠定了现代医学模式的新基础，为20世纪西方人文学科提供了重要理论支柱。...&更多

  35. [UNHCR]联合国难民事务高级专员办事处是联合国难民组织（UNITED NATIONS HIGH COMMISSIONER FOR REFUGEES)，缩写为UNHCR，受联合国委托指导和协调世界范围内保护难民和解决难民问题的国际行动。1954年和1981年获得了诺贝尔和平奖。...&更多

  36. [France]法兰西共和国（法语：République française，英语：French Republic），简称“法国”（France），是一个本土位于西欧的半总统共和制国家，海外领土包括南美洲和南太平洋的一些地区。法国为欧洲国土面积第三大、西欧面积最大的国家，东与比利时、卢森堡、德国、瑞士、意大利接壤，南与西班牙、安道尔、摩纳哥接壤。本土地势东南高西北低，大致呈六边形，三面临水，南临地中海，西濒大西洋，西北隔英吉利海峡与...&更多

  37. [国际货币基金组织]国际货币基金组织（英语：International Monetary Fund，简称：IMF）是根据1944年7月在布雷顿森林会议签订的《国际货币基金协定》，于1945年12月27日在华盛顿成立的。与世界银行同时成立、并列为世界两大金融机构之一，其职责是监察货币汇率和各国贸易情况，提供技术和资金协助，确保全球金融制度运作正常。其总部设在华盛顿。我们常听到的“特别提款权”就是该组织于1969年创设的。国际货币基金组织于2015年4月6日早间发布了一份官方公报，在公报中，IMF总裁拉加德确认，希腊方面已经同意在2015年4月9日如期偿还其应偿付的的IMF到期借款。2015年10月1日，中国首次向国际货币基金组织申报其外汇储备。国际货币基金组织（IMF）2010年份额和治理改革方案拖延多年后，终于在2015年行将结束时获得美国国会通过，迎来即将生效的曙光。根据该方案，IMF的份额将增加一倍，约6...&更多

  38. [犹太人]犹太人（希伯来语：יְהוּדִים‎, Jews, Yhudim），又称犹太民族，属闪米特人，人种为欧罗巴人种闪米特-含米特亚种，是广泛分布于世界各国的一个民族。犹太人通常有两种情况，广义上来讲，根据犹太教（Judaism）律法《哈拉卡》的定义，一切皈依犹太教的人（宗教意义）以及由犹太母亲所生的人（民族意义）都属于犹太人。犹太人发源于西亚的以色列地或希伯来地。狭义上来讲则要追溯到在“种族"范畴上的历史。根据有关犹太人组织的统计，2007年全球犹太人总数约在1600万人左右，其中540万人定居在以色列，530万人居住在美国，其余则散居在世界各地。以色列是世界上唯一一个以犹太人为主体民族的国家。...&更多

  39. [Ukraine]乌克兰（乌克兰语：УКРАЇНА）位于欧洲东部，东接俄罗斯、南濒黑海，北与白俄罗斯毗邻、西与波兰、斯洛伐克、匈牙利、罗马尼亚和摩尔多瓦诸国相连。乌克兰地理位置重要，是欧洲联盟与独联体特别是与俄罗斯地缘政治的交叉点。9世纪时的基辅罗斯一直被奉为东斯拉夫人（俄罗斯人、白俄罗斯人、乌克兰人）历史的发端，直至12世纪分裂。14世纪起乌克兰先后受...&更多

  40. [Adam Goldman]Adam Goldman是一名演员、导演、编剧、摄影师、剪辑师，参与过《The Outs》等影片。...&更多

  41. [Karl Marx]卡尔·马克思，全名卡尔·海因里希·马克思（德语：Karl Heinrich Marx，1818年5月5日－1883年3月14日），马克思主义的创始人之一，第一国际的组织者和领导者，马克思主义政党的缔造者，全世界无产阶级和劳动人民的革命导师，无产阶级的精神领袖，国际共产主义运动的开创者。马克思是德国伟大的思想家、政治家、哲学家、经济学家、革命理论家和社会学家。主要著作有《资本论》、《共产党宣言》等。马克思创立的广为人知的哲学思想为历史唯物主义，其最大的愿望是对于个人的全面而自由的发展。马克思创立了伟大的经济理论。就他个人而言，他的极其伟大的著作是《资本论》，马克思确立他的阐述原则是“政治经济学批判”。马克思认为，这是“政治经济学原理”的东西，这是“精髓”，后来人可以在这个基础上继续去研究。马克思认为资产阶级的灭亡和...&更多

  42. [Friedrich Engels]弗里德里希·恩格斯（Friedrich Engels，1820年11月28日－1895年8月5日），德国思想家、哲学家、革命家、教育家，军事理论家，全世界无产阶级和劳动人民的伟大导师，马克思主义创始人之一。恩格斯是卡尔·马克思的挚友，被誉为“第二提琴手”，他为马克思从事学术研究提供大量经济支持。马克思逝世后，将马克思遗留下的大量手稿、遗著整理出版，并众望所归地成为国际工人运动的领袖。恩格斯是马克思的亲密战友，和马克思共同撰写了《共产党宣言》，共同创立了科学共产主义理论；参加了第一国际的领导工作。马克思逝世后，他承担整理和出版《资本论》遗稿的工作，还肩负领导国际工人运动的重担。除同马克思合撰著作外，他还著有《...&更多

  43. [Raoul]Raoul是由时尚巨鳄FJ Benjamin家族所创立的奢侈服装及配饰品牌。总部设在新加坡的FJ Benjamin公司，是亚洲奢侈品行业的领军者，它的历史背景可以追溯到上个世纪50年代FJ Benjamin于2002在新加坡年创立Raoul品牌。成立初期，Raoul便成为了高端男士衬衫的代名词。而之后逐渐开始了高端女装的设计、制作及生产，并因其高雅的设计感和杰出的品质而广受好评。在亚太地区成功开设多家专卖店后，Raoul在纽约、米兰等时尚都市开设了品牌形象展厅。...&更多

  44. [Stephen]Stephen Charles为英国较具名望的皮具品牌，创办于1988年。...&更多

  45. [Iran]伊朗伊斯兰共和国（英语：Islamic Republic of Iran，波斯语：جمهوری اسلامی ایران），简称伊朗。位于西亚，属中东国家。东邻巴基斯坦和阿富汗，与土库曼斯坦接壤，西北与阿塞-拜疆和亚美尼亚为邻，西接土耳其和伊拉克。中北部紧靠里海、南靠波斯湾和阿拉伯海。国土面积约1648195平方公里，世界排名第十八。伊朗是文明古国。公元前550年，建立了世界历史上第一个领土横跨欧亚非三洲的帝国波斯帝国。公元前247年建立安息帝国，7世纪后异族先后入侵。18世纪前期，纳迪尔沙推翻外族统治建立阿夫沙尔王朝。19世纪后期起，...&更多

  46. [Richard Griffiths]理查德·格利菲斯（1947年7月31日-2013年3月28日），演员。1983年拍摄电影《高尔基公园》。2010年出演电影《哈利波特与死亡圣器（上）》。...&更多

  47. [Oxford University]牛津大学（University of Oxford），简称“牛津（Oxford）”，位于英国牛津，是一所誉满世界的公立研究型大学，采用书院联邦制，与剑桥大学并称“牛剑”，并且与剑桥大学、伦敦大学学院、帝国理工学院、伦敦政治经济学院同属“G5超级精英大学”。牛津大学最早成立于1167年，为英语世界中最古老的大学，也是世界上现存第二古老的高等教育机构。牛津大学涌现出了一批引领时代的科学巨匠，培养了大量开创纪元的艺术大师以及国家元首，其中包括27位英国首相以及数十位世界各国元首、政商界领袖。而截至2017年，共有69位诺贝尔奖得主（世界第九）、4位菲尔兹奖得主（世界第十六）、6位图灵奖得主（世界第八）曾在牛津大学学习或工作过。...&更多


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