注释

下述缩写将用于注释。

PRO　The National Archives（Public Record Office），Kew，UK

WLCL　William L．Clements Library，University of Michigan，Ann Arbor

引言

1&．“Military Journal of Major Ebenezer Denny 1781 to 1795，”Publications of theHistorical Society of Pennsylvania&（Philadelphia：J.B.Lippincott Co.，1860），p.248；The Fate of a Nation&：The American Revolution Through Contemporary Eyes&，ed.William P．Cumming and Hugh Rankin（London：Pha-idon，1975），pp.312-42；The Spirit of Seventy-Six&：The Story of the American Revolution as Told by Participants&，ed.Henry Steele Commager and Richard B．Morris，vol.2（Indianapolis：Bobbs-Merrill，1958），pp.1239，1241-42；Robert Selig，“20 October 1781：The Day after the Surrender，”The Brigade Dispatch&38，no.2（Summer 2008）：2.

2&．James Thacher，Military Journal During the American Revolutionary War&，from&1776&to&1783（1854；repr.Cranbury，N.J.：The Scholar's Bookshelf，2005），pp.288-90.

3&．关于缴交佩剑存在多种记录。罗尚博及另一名法国军官Mathieu Dumas上校均在回忆录中谈到奥哈拉向罗尚博递交佩剑，只有法国的记录提到通过奥哈拉向康华里归还佩剑。撒切尔的记录是，佩剑递交华盛顿，后者指示奥哈拉向本杰明•林肯呈递。

4&．Thacher，Military Journal Duringthe American Revolutionary War&，p.290；Pennsylvania Packet&，November 13，1781；Selig，“20 October 1781，”p.2；“Military Journal of Major Ebenezer Denny 1781 to 1795，”p.248；Mark Urban，Fusiliers&：The Saga of a British Redcoat Regiment in the American Revolution&（New York：Walker，2007），p.279；Stephen Conway，The War for American Independence&，1775-1783（London：Edward Arnold，1995），p.128.

5&．Nathaniel Wraxall，The Historical and the Posthumous Memoirs of Sir Nathaniel William Wrax-all&，1772-1784，ed.Henry B．Wheatley，5 vols.（1836；repr.London：Bickers Son，1884），2：137-138.Charles Ross在其三卷本著作（Correspondence of Charles&，First Marquis Cornwallis&，London：John Murray，1859，1：129n.）中否认拉克索尔在伦敦接获新闻的描述。Ross认为“故事纯属捏造”，因为根据原始信件背后的某些文字记录，官方新闻快报午夜前并未抵达。但是人们普遍认为，国王11月25日就已经获得约克镇的新闻（参见The Correspondence of King George the Third from&1760&to December&1783，ed.Sir John Fortescue，6 vols.[London：Macmillan，1927-28]，5：303）。

6&．Wheatley，Historical and Posthumous Memoirs of Sir Nathaniel William Wraxall&，2：138-139.拉克索尔谈到他们前往瑟洛在布鲁姆伯利（Bloombury）大罗素街（Great Russell Street）的住所拜会后者。但Wheatley认为这不可能，因为瑟洛住在奥蒙德街（Ormond Street）。Ibid.，pp.139-41.

7&．Ibid.

8&．Ibid.，pp.138-39.

10&．在1781年6月的下院发言中，韦斯科特（Lord Westcote）表示，“在他看来，北美战争可以像从前的任何一场战争那样获得圣战的头衔”。“The House Debates Whether to Continue the War，”November 9，1780，in&The American Revolution as Described by British Writers and The Morning Chronicle and London Advertiser&，ed.Elizabeth R．Miller（Bowie，Md.：Heritage Books，1991），p.50；William Henry Lyttelton同样以“一场圣战”指代北美战争，见“a holy war，”The House of Commons&1754-1790，ed.Sir Lewis Namier and John Brooke，3 vols.（London：HMSO，1964），3：77；Henry Ellis to William Knox，June 17，1781，in&The Manuscripts of Captain HowardVincente Knox（From Volume VI of&“Reports on Manuscripts from Various Collections&”&Prepared by the Historical Manuscripts Commission&，Great Britain&）（1909；repr.Boston：Gregg Press，1972），p.178；Adam Smith quoted in H．V.Bowen，“British Conceptions of Global Empire，1756-83，”Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History&26，no.3（1998）：14。

11&．Barbara Tuchman在&The March of Folly&：From Troy to Vietnam&（1984；repr.London：Abacus，1990）中写道：“美国革命……成功于英国的操作失误”，而“本土的松懈管理导致将军们在战场上的松懈。”她把英国将领的失败归咎于后者慵懒的态度，迟缓、意见分歧、疏忽大意、马虎及对敌人的误判。他们暴露了“一种无处不在的独有愚蠢”。她把这种愚蠢明确归咎于将领的社会背景，认为“贵族环境无法培植政府的现实主义”，他们的“社会喜好容易优先”。作者委婉地把他们比作“穿着丝绸过膝短裤的老爷”，和北美雄心勃勃的农场主及拓荒者来进行对比，pp.260，259，272，278，166，177。

12&．Ira D．Gruber，“British Strategy：The Theory and Practice of Eighteenth-Century Warfare，”inReconsiderations of the Revolutionary War&：Selected Essays&，ed.Don Higginbotham（Westport，Conn.：Greenwood Press，1978），pp.19-20；Ira D．Gruber，“George Ⅲ Chooses a Commander in Chief，”in&Arms and Independence&：The Military Character of the American Revolution&，ed.Ronald Hoffman and Peter J．Albert（Charlottesville：University Press of Virginia，1984），pp.166-91；Ira D．Gruber，Books and the British Army in the Age of the American Revolution&（Chapel Hill：University of North Carolina Press，2010），pp.25，33.

13&．Eric Robson，“Purchase and Promotion in the British Army in the Eighteenth Century，”History&36（February June 1951）：57-72；Gruber，Books and the British Army&，pp.6-7，26；Stephen Brumwell，Redcoats&：The British Soldier and War in the Americas&，1755-1763（Cambridge：Cambridge University Press，2002），pp.84-85；Stephen Conway，“The British Army，‘Military Europe，’ and the American War of Independence，”William and Mary Quarterly&，3d ser.，67，no.1（January 2010）：69-101.

14&．Matthew H．Spring，With Zeal and Bayonets Only&：The British Army on Campaign in North America&，1775-1783（Norman：University of Oklahoma Press，2008），pp.xii，102，172，179，198，201，202，221.

15&．Edward Thornton to James Bland Burges，April 2，1792，in S．W.Jackman，“A Young Englishman Reports on the New Nation：Edward Thornton to James Bland Burges，1791-1793，”William and Mary Quarterly&，3d ser.，18，no.1（January 1961）：104；Sir Winston Churchill，The Great Republic&：A History of America&，ed.Winston S．Churchill（New York：Random House，1999），p.73.See also William Seymour，The Price of Folly&：British Blunders in the War of American Independence&（London：Brassey's，1995），p.10：“这场复杂、特殊复杂且完全可以避免的战争充斥着莽撞、错误、混乱和操作失误。主要责任在于负责实施作战的英国政治家。”Paul Johnson，A History ofthe American People&（New York：Harper Perennial，1999），pp.127，128，139，161，162；约翰逊称英国领导人为“一群阴郁又无关紧要的人”，ibid.，p.127。

16&．Michael Kammen，A Season of Youth&：The American Revolution and the Historical Imagination&（New York：Knopf，1978），pp.172-73；H.T.Dickinson，“Introduction，”in&Britain and the American Revolution&，ed.H.T.Dickinson（London：Longman，1998），p.13.

17&．Tim Breen，“Ideology and Nationalism on the Eve of the American Revolution：Revisions&Once More&in Need of Revising，”Journal of American History&84，no.1（June 1997）：13-14；Dickinson，“Introduction，”p.2；Urban，Fusiliers&，p.xⅢ.The literature published before 1978 was reviewed in David Paul Nelson，“British Conduct of the American Revolutionary War：A Review of Interpretations，”Journal of American History&65，no.3（December 1978）：623-53.See also David Syrett，“Histo-riographical Essay：The British Armed Forces in the American Revolutionary War.Publications，1875-1998，”Journal of Military History&63，no.1（January 1999）：147-64.Since these reviews，there have been a number of notable studies by Stephen Conway，Sylvia Frey，Eliga H．Gould，P.D.G.Thomas，David Syrett，John A．Tilley，David Paul Nelson，Julie Flavell，Troy Bickham，Matthew H．Spring，and Mark Urban.There are syntheses that give emphasis to the British side by Hugh Bicheno，Don Cook，Robert Harvey，Christopher Hibbert，Michael Pearson，and Stanley Weintraub.

18&．Ira D．Gruber，“The American Revolution as a Conspiracy：The British View，”William and Mary Quarterly&，3d ser.，26，no.3（July 1969）：360-73；Bernard Bailyn，The Ideological Origins of the American Revolution&（Cambridge，Mass.：Harvard University Press，1967），pp.150-59；P.D.G.Thomas，Tea Party to Independence：The Third Phase of the American Revolution&1773-1776（Oxford：Clarendon Press，1991），pp.51，82；Benjamin W．Labaree，“The Idea of American Independence：The British View，1774-1776，”Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society&，3d ser.，82（1970）：9，11.

19&．The resurgence of revolutionary resistance by the militias and the Continental Army in 1776 and 1780 is a theme of Charles Royster，A Revolutionary People at War：The Continental Army and American Character&，1775-1783（Chapel Hill：University of North Carolina Press，1979）．The pamphlet writers and revolutionary propagandists also rallied in the face of British victories.See Philip Davidson，Propaganda and the American Revolution&1763-1783（Chapel Hill：University of North Carolina Press，1941），p.406；E.Wayne Carp，To Starve the Army at Pleasure&：Continental Army Administration and American Political Culture&，1775-1783（Chapel Hill：University of North Carolina Press，1984），p.196.

20&．Memo of conversation，February 7，1776，Clinton Papers，WLCL，quoted in Anthony J．Scotti Jr.，Brutal Virtue&：The Myth and Reality of Banastre Tarleton（Westminster，Md.：Heritage Books，2007），p.132.

21&．David Syrett，Shipping and the American War&1775-83:&A Study of British Transport Organization&（London：Athlone Press，1970），pp.9，78，101，132，222；R.Arthur Bowler，Logistics andthe Failure of the British Army in America&1775-1783（Princeton，N.J.：Princeton University Press，1975），pp.12-13；Norman Baker，Government and Contractors&：The British Treasury and War Supplies&1775-1783（London：Athlone Press，1971），p.21.

22&．Bowler，Logistics and the Failure of he British Army in America&，pp.9-10，30，92-93；Judith L．Van Buskirk，Generous Enemies：Patriots and Loyalists in Revolutionary New York（Philadelphia：University of Pennsylvania Press，2002），p.106；Walter Hart Blumenthal，“British Camp Women On The Ration，”in&Women Camp Followers of the American Revolution&（New York：Arno Press，1974），pp.18-19.

23&．Bowler，Logistics and the Failure of the British Army in America&，p.54.

24&．Patrick K．O'Brien，“The Political Economy of British Taxation，1660-1815，”Economic History Review&，2d ser.，41，no.1（February 1988）：1-32；H.V.Bowen，War and British Society&，1688-1815（Cambridge：Cambridge University Press，1988），pp.17-33；John Brewer，The Sinews of Power&：War&，Money and the English State&，1688-1783（New York：Knopf，1989），pp.89，91，114，116；Paul Langford，A Polite and Commercial People&：England&1727-1783（Oxford：Oxford University Press，1989），pp.640-41.

25&．Richard Middleton，The Bells of victory&：The Pitt-Newcastle Ministry and the Conduct of the Seven Years' war&1757-1762（Cambridge：Cambridge University Press，1985），p.217；Brendan Simms，Three Victories and a Defeat&：The Rise and Fall of the First British Empire&，1714-1783（New York：Basic Books，2007），pp.523，574，584，607，626.

26&．Simms，Three Victories and a Defeat&，p.598.

27&．Simms详尽探讨了这一问题。详见ibid.，pp.626-28，653，677-78。

第一章

1&．John Adams to Timothy Pickering，August 6，1822，in&The Works of John Adams&，Second President of the United States.With a Life of the Author&，ed.Charles Francis Adams，10 vols.（Boston：Little，Brown，1850-56），2：514；Diary and Autobiography of John Adams&，ed.L.H.Butterfield，Leonard C．Faber，and Wendell D．Garrett，4 vols.（Cambridge，Mass：Harvard University Press，1962），2：150.

2&．Adams to Secretary John Jay，Bath Hotel，Westminster，June 2，1785，Adams，The Works of John Adams&，8：256，257，258.

3&．Ibid.，p.258；Adams to Thomas Jefferson，Bath Hotel，Westminster，June 3，1785，The Adams-Jefferson Letters&：The Complete Correspondence Between Thomas Jefferson and Abigail and John Adams&，ed.Lester J．Cappon（Chapel Hill，N.C.：University of North Carolina Press，1988），p.27.

4&．Abigail Adams to Jefferson，December 20，1785，Cappon，The Adams-Jefferson Letters&，p.27；Marie Kimball，Jefferson&：The Scene of Europe&1774&to&1789（New York：Coward McCann，1950），p.135；Autobiography of Thomas Jefferson&1743-1790，ed.Paul Leicester Ford（New York：Putnam's，1914），p.94；Adams，The Works of John Adams&，1：420.Charles R．Ritcheson，“The Fragile Memory：Thomas Jefferson at the Court of George Ⅲ，”Eighteenth Century Life&6，no.2-3（1981）：1-16，作者认为并不存在这类行为，因为这不符合乔治三世的个性。记录的真实性还因为提到夏洛特皇后存在疑点，她不会参加一个纯属男性的招待会。约翰•亚当斯也没有谈到过皇后。可以肯定，除了杰斐逊后来的自传，没有当时的记录。不过乔治三世的确存在傲慢举动，并曾对老威廉•皮特和查尔斯•詹姆斯•福克斯表露过。此外，“招待会”一词在当时普遍用于指代王后及其女儿到场的非正式场合。杰斐逊与亚当斯共同前往英国签署贸易协议，因此两人有充分理由避免宫廷小节变成外交争吵。

5&．Pauline Maier，American Scripture&：Making the Declaration of Independence&（New York：Random House，1998），p.138；“Comments on Soules'&Histoire&，”August 3，1786，The Papers of Thomas Jefferson&，ed.Julian P．Boyd，Charles T．Cullen，John Catanzariti，Barbara B．Oberg，et al.，34 vols.（Princeton，N.J.：Princeton University Press，1950-），10：369；Jefferson to Abigail Adams，August 9，1786，ibid.，261.

6&．H.V.Bowen，“British Conceptions of Global Empire，1756-83，”Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History&26，no.3（1998）：3.

7&．Matthew Winterbottom，“Dining with George Ⅲ and Queen Charlotte，”in&The Wisdom of George&Ⅲ，ed.Jonathan Marsden（London：Royal Collection Publications，2004），p.236；Horace Walpole to George Montagu，November 13，1760，in Frank Arthur Mumby，George&Ⅲ&and the American Revolution&：The Beginnings&（London：Constable，1924），p.4.

8&．Jane Wess，“George Ⅲ，Scientific Societies，and the Changing Nature of Scientific Collecting，”in Marsden，The Wisdom of George&Ⅲ，pp.321，322.

9&．Jane Roberts，“George Ⅲ's Acquisitions on the Continent，”in Marsden，The Wisdom of George the Third&，pp.101，115，116；Holger Hoock，“George Ⅲ and the Royal Academy of Arts：The Politics of Culture，”ibid.，pp.247，248；David Watkin，The Architect King&：George&Ⅲ&and the Culture of Enlighten-ment&（London：Royal Collections Publications，2004），pp.28，74；Christopher Lloyd，“King，Queen and Family，”in&George&Ⅲ&and Queen Charlotte.Patronage&，Collecting and Court Taste&，ed.Jane Roberts（London：Royal Collections Publications，2004），pp.8-90；Lloyd，“The King's Buildings，”in Marsden，The Wisdom of George the Third&，pp.93-152；Jonathan Marsden，“Patronage and Collecting，”ibid.，pp.169-85；Jeremy Black，George&Ⅲ：America's Last King&（New Haven，Conn.：Yale University Press，2006），pp.167-68，171-72；Stella Tillyard，A Royal Affair&：George&Ⅲ&and His Scandalous Siblings&（New York：Random House，2006），p.45.

10&．Watkin，The Architect King&，p.86；John Wain，Samuel Johnson&：A Biography&（New York：Viking Press，1974），pp.244-45.

11&．The Correspondence of King George&Ⅲ&with Lord North&1768&to&1783，ed.W.Bodham Donne，2 vols.（London：John Murray，1867；repr.New York：Da Capo Press，1971），1：lxxxvⅢ；P.D.G.Thomas，“George Ⅲ and the American Revolution，”History&70，no.228（1985）：18-19；The Correspondence of King George The Third from&1760&to December&1783，ed.Sir John Fortescue，6 vols.（London：Macmillan，1927-28），1：452.Thomas，“George Ⅲ and the American Revolution，”pp.16-31，提出有力观点，认为乔治三世无需对导致革命的政策负责。其他历史学者认为国王只起部分作用。根据John L．Bullion，“Security and Economy：The Bute Administration's Plans for the American Army and Revenue，1762-1763，”William and Mary Quarterly&，3 ser.，45，no.3（July 1988）：502，乔治三世参与了在法国人与印第安人战争的之后，在北美维持1万驻军的重大决策。他甚至提出一项以最低成本扩大各团的巧妙方法。不过，这个时期乔治三世还是其前导师及当时的首相比特伯爵的被保护人。Benjamin Woods Labaree，The Boston Tea Party&（Oxford：Oxford University Press，1964），p.41；Don Cook，The Long Fuse&：How England Lost the American Colonies&，1760-1785（New York：Atlantic Monthly Press，1995），p.107，作品提到“国王拒绝对167名投票反对废除法案的国会议员实施任何政治报复。情况表明国王对整体事态的不满”；G.M.Ditchfield，George&Ⅲ：An Essay in Monarchy&（Basingstoke：Palgrave-Macmillan，2002），p.124，认为乔治三世个人反对废除茶税的态度导致内阁于1769年5月决定保留该税种。Hiller B．Zoebel，The Boston Massacre&（New York：Norton，1971），p.235，作品指出，1770年波士顿屠杀之后，乔治三世以个人资产补偿了普雷斯顿上尉（Captain Preston）的诉讼费用。后者事件当时正在现场，后来被指控谋杀，并获得约翰•亚当斯辩护被无罪释放。Memorandum of the king，February 1769，Fortescue，The Correspondence of King George the Third&，2：84-85.

12&．George Ⅲ to Lord North，February 4，1774，May 6，1774，September 11，1774，Fortescue，The Correspondence of&King George The Third&，3：59，104，131；Black，George&Ⅲ：America's Last King&，p.84.

13&．George Ⅲ to North，September10，1775，Fortescue，The Correspondence of King George The Third&，3：256.

14&．George Ⅲ to North，April 15，1774，March 21，1774，ibid.，pp.94，82.See also George Ⅲ to North，March 14，1774，ibid，p.80；The Diary and Letters of His Excellency Thomas Hutchinson&，Esq&.，ed.Peter Orlando Hutchinson，2 vols.（New York：Burt Franklin，1971），1：163.See also ibid.，pp.159，174，175；Watkin，The Architect King&，p.31；Hutchinson，Diary and Letters of Thomas Hutchinson&，1：158，159；Bernard Bailyn，The Ordeal of Thomas Hutchinson&：Loyalism and the Destruction of the First British Empire&（London：Allen Lane，1975），pp.277-78.

15&．George Ⅲ to North，March 14，1774，March 23，1774，April 28，1774，May 3，1774，August 24，1774，September 11，1774，November 18，1774，Fortescue，The Correspondence of King George The Third&，3：80，84，100，103，125-26，131，153.

16&．George Ⅲ to North，November 18，1774，ibid.，p.154；P.D.G.Thomas，Lord North&（London：Allen Lane，1976），p.82；George Ⅲ to North，December 15，1774，Fortescue，The Correspondence of King George The Third&，3：156.

17&．James E．Bradley，Popular Politics and the American Revolution in England&：Petitions&，the Crown and Public Opinion&（Macon，Ga.：Mercer University Press，1986）；Kathleen Wilson，The Sense of the People&：Politics&，Culture and Imperialism in England&，1715-1785（Cambridge：Cambridge University Press，1998）；John Sainsbury，Disaffected Patriots&：London Supporters of Revolutionary America&1769-1782（Kingston，Ont.：McGill-Queen's University Press，1987）；Stephen Conway，The British Isles and the War of American Independence&（Oxford：Oxford University Press，2000），pp.10，132-41，209；Paul Langford，“London and the American Revolution，”in&London in the Age of Reform&，ed.John Stevenson（Oxford：Basil Blackwell，1977），pp.66-67.

18&．George Ⅲ to North，February 15，1775，March 6，1775，July 5，1775，July 26，1775，November 3，1775，November 9，1775，Fortescue，The Correspondence of&King George The Third&，3：175，175，184，233，235，276，282.

20&．Langford，“London and the American Revolution，”p.71；Bradley，Popular Politics and the American Revolution in England&，p.47；George Ⅲ to North，April 7，1775，Fortescue，The Correspondence of King George The Third&，3：201；North to George Ⅲ，April 6，1775，ibid.，p.199；George Ⅲ to North，April 7，1775，ibid.，p.201.

21&．George Ⅲ to North，August 18，1775，ibid.，p.248.

22&．Bernhard Knollenberg，Growth of the American Revolution&1766-1775，ed.Bernhard W．Sheehan（1975；repr.Indianapolis：Liberty Fund，2003），p.191；The Parliamentary History of England from the Earliest Period to&1803，ed.William Cobbett and Thomas Hansard，36 vols.（London：Hansard，1806-22），18：cols.695-97；Maier，American Scripture&，p.25.

23&．Ditchfield，George&Ⅲ，p.38；Edward Gibbon to J．B.Holroyd.October 14，1775 in&The Letters of Edward Gibbon&，ed.J.E.Norton，3 vols.（New York：Macmillan，1956）.3：88；Jerrilyn Greene Marston，King and Congress&：The Transfer of Political Legitimacy&，1774-1776（Princeton，N.J.：Princeton University Press，1987），p.46.

24&．Bruce Ingham Granger，Political Satire in the American Revolution&1763-1783（Ithaca，N.Y.：Cornell University Press，1960），pp.73-75，98-99；Stella F．Duff，“The Case Against George Ⅲ，”William and Mary Quarterly&，3d ser.，6，no.3（July 1949）：383-97；Winthrop D．Jordan，“Thomas Paine and the Killing of the King，1776，”Journal of American History&60，no.2（September 1973）：294-308；William D．Liddle，“A Patriot King，or None：American Public Attitudes towards George Ⅲ and the British Monarchy”（Ph.D.diss.，Claremont Graduate College，1970），p.250；Liddle，“A Patriot King，or None：Lord Bolingbroke and the American Renunciation of George Ⅲ，”Journal of American History&65，no.4（March 1979）：951-70；Arthur S．Marks，“The Statue of King George Ⅲ in New York and the Iconology of Regicide，”American Art Journal&13，no.3（1981）：61-82；Richard Bushman，King and People in Provincial Massachusetts&（Chapel Hill：University of North Carolina Press，1985）；Marston，King and Congress&，chaps.1 and 2；William.L.Hedges，“Telling Off the King：Jefferson's Summary View as American Fantasy，”Early American Literature&22，no.2（1987）：166-74.

25&．Liddle，“A Patriot King，or None，”p.312；Jordan，“Familial Politics，”p.301；Brendon McConville，The King's Three Faces&：The Rise and Fall of Royal America，1688-1776（Chapel Hill：University of North Carolina Press，2006），pp.286，304，306.

26&．Thomas Jefferson，“A Summary View of the Rights of British America，”in&The Writings of Thomas Jefferson&，ed.Paul Leicester Ford，20 vols.（New York：Putnam's，1892-99），1：440，446；Gordon S．Wood，“The Problem of Sovereignty，”William and Mary&Quarterly，3d ser.，68，no.4（October 2011）：573-77；London Chronicle&. no.2758，November 12-15，1774，p.465.

27&．American Archives&...A Documentary History&...of the American Colonies&，ed.Peter Force，4th ser.，（Washington：Published by M．St.Clair and Peter Force，1848-53），4：399，527；Julie Flavell，“The Plot to Kidnap King George Ⅲ，”BBC History&（November，2006）：12-16；Flavell，When London Was Capital of America&（New Haven，Conn.：Yale University Press，2010），pp.159-62，237.

28&．Thomas Paine，Common Sense&（1776；repr.London：Penguin Classics，1986），pp.69，72，78-79，81，92.

29&．Adams to John Penn，April 28，1776，Papers of John Adams&，ed.Robert J．Taylor，Gregg L．Lint，and Celeste Walker，15 vols.（Cambridge，Mass：Harvard University Press，1979-2012），4：149；Adams to Samuel Chase，July 9，1776，ibid.，p.372；Butterfield，Diary and Autobiography of John Adams&，p.259；Maier，American Scripture，pp.157，158.

30&．George Ⅲ to North，June 11，1779，Fortescue，The Correspondence of King George The Third&，4：351.

31&．John L．Bullion，“The&Ancien Regime&and the Modernizing State：George Ⅲ and the American Revolution，”Anglican and Episcopal History&68，no.1（1999）：67-84；George Ⅲ to North，November 14，1778，May 31，1777，June 11，1779，Fortescue，The Correspondence of King George The Third&，4：221，3：449，351；George Ⅲ to the earl of Sandwich，September 13，1779，ibid.，4：433.

32&．George Ⅲ to North，June 11，1779，March 7，1780，June 13，1781，November 3，1781，Fortescue，The Correspondence of King George The Third&，4：351，5：30，247，297.

33&．Black，George&Ⅲ：America's Last King&，pp.118-19；Watkin，The Architect King&，p.87；Celina Fox，“George Ⅲ and the Royal Navy，”in Marsden，The Wisdom of George&Ⅲ，p.266；N.A.M.Rodger，The Insatiable Earl&：A Life of John Montagu&，Fourth Earl of Sandwich&（New York：Norton，1993），p.199；Stephen Conway，“The Politics of British Military and Naval Mobilization，1775-83，”English Historical Review&112，no.449（November 1997）：1185.

34&．Black，George&Ⅲ：America's Last King&，pp.227，229；The Last Journals of Horace Walpole During the Reign of George&Ⅲ，ed.A.F.Steuart，2 vols.（London：John Lane，1910），1：172；Ira Gruber，“British Strategy：The Theory and Practice of Eighteenth-Century Warfare，”in&Reconsiderations on the Revolutionary War&：Selected Essays&，ed.Don Higginbotham（Westport，Conn.：Greenwood Press，1978），p.15；Alan Valentine，Lord North&，2 vols.（Norman，University of Oklahoma Press，1967），1：294；Peter D．G.Thomas，George&Ⅲ：King and Politicians&1760-1770（Manchester：Manchester University Press，2002），p.2；Ira Gruber，“George Ⅲ Chooses a Commander in Chief，”in&Arms and Independence&：The Military Character of the American Revolution&，ed.Ronald Hoffman and Peter J．Albert（Charlottesville：University Press of Virginia，1984），pp.166，174；“Remarks on ‘The Conduct of the War from Canada&’ from the Original Manuscript in the British Museum in the Handwriting of George Ⅲ，”in Edward Barrington De Fonblanque，Political and Military Episodes in the Latter Half of the Eighteenth Century&：Derived from the Life and Correspondence of the Right H&．John Burgoyne&，General&，Statesman&，Dramatist&（London：Macmillan，1876），pp.486-87.

35&．Peter D．G.Thomas，Tea Party to Independence&：The Third Phase of the American Revolution&1773-1776（Oxford：Clarendon Press，1991），p.180；Ira D．Gruber，The Howe Brothers and the American Revolution&（Chapel Hill：University of North Carolina Press，1972），p.69；Piers Mackesy，The War for America&1775-1783（1964；repr.Lincoln：University of Nebraska Press，1964），p.307；George Ⅲ to Sandwich，September 10，1779，The Private Papers of John&，Earl of Sandwich&，First Lord of the Admiralty&1771-1782，ed.G.R.Barnes and J．H.Owen，4 vols.（Navy Records Society，1932-38），3：144.

36&．George Ⅲ to North，January 31，1778，August 12，1778，Fortescue，The Correspondence of King George the Third&，4：30，186.

37&．George Ⅲ to North，November 7，1775，April 10，1777，December 4，1777，ibid.，3：279，281，440，503；George Ⅲ to North，January 31，1778，March 22，1778，April 21，1779，ibid.，4：30，72，327.

38&．George Ⅲ to North，January 13，1778，January 31，1778，ibid.，4：15，31.这件事的军事意味见William B．Willcox，“British Strategy in America，1778，”Journal of Modern History&19.no.2（1947）：97-121；David Syrett，“Home Waters or America? The Dilemma of British Naval Strategy in 1778，”Mariner's Mirror&77，no.4（November 1991）：365-77；Gerald S．Brown，“The Anglo-French Naval Crisis：A Study of Conflict in the North Cabinet，”William and Mary Quarterly&，3d ser.，13，no.1（January 1956）：3-26。

39&．North to George Ⅲ，January 29，1778，March 16，1778，March 17，[1778]，Fortescue，The Correspondence of King George The Third&，4：28，60，62（emphasis in the original）．

40&．North to George Ⅲ，March 25，1778，March 25，1778，ibid.，pp.73，76，77.

41&．George Ⅲ to North，March 27，1778，ibid.，pp.84-85；North to George Ⅲ，May 7，1778，ibid.，p.133.

42&．George Ⅲ to North，June 2，1778，November 2，1778，ibid.，pp.162-63，213；North to George Ⅲ，November 14，1778，ibid.，p.219；George Ⅲ to North，November 14，1778，ibid.p.220.

43&．Mr.Jenkinson to George Ⅲ，November 30，1779，May 15，1779，April 14，1780，November 12，1779，November 28，1779，December 9，1779，December 1，1779，June 17，1780，ibid.，pp.503，342，5：42，4：483，500，513，505，5：87.

44&．Mr.Jenkinson to George Ⅲ，June 25，1779，ibid.，4：377；North to George Ⅲ，June 30，1779，[? September，1779]，[? November，1779]，April 7，1780，ibid.，pp.382，442，494-95，5：40；Mr.Jenkinson to George Ⅲ，April 14，1780，ibid.，p.42；North to George Ⅲ，March 15，1781，ibid.，p.207.

45&．Steuart，The Last Journals of Horace Walpole&，2：305；The Manuscripts of Captain Howard Vincente Knox&（From Volume VI of&“Reports on Manuscripts in Various Collections&”&Prepared by the Historical Manuscripts Commission&，Great Britain&）（1909；repr.Boston：Gregg Press，1972），p.267；W.Baring Pemberton，Lord North（London：Longmans，Green，1938），p.253.

46&．George Ⅲ to North，May 31，1777，August 9，1775，Fortescue，The Correspondence of King George The Third&，pp.449，242；North to George Ⅲ，March 29 [1778]，ibid.，4：79；The Annual Register&，in&Rebellion in America&：A Contemporary British Viewpoint&，1769-1783，ed.David Murdoch（Santa Barbara，Calif.：Clio Books，1979），p.605；George Ⅲ to North，May 12，1778，Fortescue，The Correspondence of King George The Third&，4：139-40.

47&．George Ⅲ to North，March 16，1778，March 17，1778，March 18，1778，Fortescue，The Correspondence of King George The Third&，4：60-61，65，67.

48&．Charles R．Ritcheson，British Politics and the American Revolution&（Norman：University of Oklahoma Press，1954），pp.247，248；Rev.Dean of Windsor to Charles Arbuthnot，13 January 1843，Donne，The Correspondence of King George the Third with Lord North&，2：127.

49&．Mackesy，The War for America&，pp.44，264；Herbert Butterfield，George&Ⅲ，Lord North and the People&，1779-80（New York：Russell Russell，1968），p.116；George Ⅲ to North，June 16，1778，Fortescue，The Correspondence of King George The Third&，4：358.

50&．George Ⅲ to North，June 11，1779，Fortescue，The Correspondence of King George The Third&，4：350-51；“The King's Speech to his Cabinet，”June 21，1779，The Manuscripts of Captain Howard Vincente Knox&，p.260.

51&．“The King's Speech to his Cabinet，”June 21，1779，The Manuscripts of Captain Howard Vincente Knox&，pp.260-61；George Ⅲ to North，June 21，1779，Fortescue，The Correspondence of King George The Third&，4：367.

52&．Butterfield，George&Ⅲ，Lord North and the People&，pp.26，46；George Ⅲ to North，March 17，1778，June 16，1779，June 11，1779，June 18，1779，Fortescue，The Correspondence of King George The Third&，4：65，358，351，360.

53&．Flora Fraser，Princesses-The Six Daughters of George&Ⅲ（London：John Murray，2004），pp.44-45，66；Watkin，The Architect King&，pp.26，209；Stephen Roe，“Music at the Court of George II and Queen Charlotte，”in Marsden，The Wisdom of George the Third&，p.147；Black，George&Ⅲ：America's Last King&，p.118.1781年，托马斯•盖恩斯伯勒首次绘制乔治三世穿着温莎制服的图像，Ditchfield，George&Ⅲ：An Essay in Monarchy&，p.145。

54&．William Cowper to Unwin，February 13，1780，Donne，The Correspondence of George The Third with Lord North&，2：192.

55&．George Ⅲ to North，April 7，1780，April 11，1780，Fortescue，The Correspondence of King George The Third&，pp.40，42.

56&．Ian R．Christie，“Economical Reform and ‘The Influence of the Crown，’ 1780，”Myth and Reality in Late-Eighteenth-Century British Politics and Other Papers（London：Macmillan，1970），p.310；John Brooke，King George&Ⅲ（London：Constable，1972），p.218：“是下院的要求而非国王的影响力日益增长；” Christie，“Economical Reform，”p.309；J.B.Owen，“George II Reconsidered，”in&Statesmen&，Scholars and Merchants&：Essays in Eighteenth-Century History Presented to Dame Lucy Sutherland，ed.Anne Whiteman，J.S.Bromley，and P．G.M.Dickson（Oxford：Oxford University Press，1973），pp.113-35.有力的反面观点见Brewer，“Ministerial Responsibility and the Powers of the Crown，”in&Party Ideology and Popular Politics at the Accession of George&Ⅲ（Cambridge：Cambridge University Press，1976），pp.131-35.Jeremy Black，George II&：Party Puppet of the Politicians&？（Exeter：University of Exeter Press，2007） 该书作者认为，国王的确享有巨大权力，尤其在外交领域，并认为乔治三世在运用权力方面与乔治二世一致。

57&．George Ⅲ to North，June 22，1779，Fortescue，The Correspondence of King George the Third&，4：370；Brewer，“Ministerial Responsibility and the Powers of the Crown，”p.134；George Ⅲ to North，June 22，1779，Fortescue，The Correspondence of King George the Third&，4：370；George Ⅲ to the lord chancellor，October 16，1779，ibid.，p.458；George Ⅲ to Mr.Jenkinson，November 7，1779，ibid.，p.477；George Ⅲ to North，July 3，1780，ibid.，5：96-97.Richard Pares，KingGeorge&Ⅲ&and the Politicians&（Oxford：Clarendon Press，1953），p.112，谈到国王坚持称为宪法的新奇附加品时指出“有意规定接受官职以接受政策为前提条件的做法不早于乔治三世统治时期”。

58&．The Historical and Posthumous Memoirs of Sir Nathaniel William Wraxall&1772-1784，ed.Henry B．Wheatley，5 vols.（1836；repr.London：Bickers Son，1884），2：20；George Ⅲ to North，March 5，B.Wheatley，5 vols.（1836；repr.London：Bickers Son，1884），2：20；George Ⅲ to North，March 5，1779，April 25，1780，Fortescue，The Correspondence of King George the Third&，5：299，5：52；George Ⅲ to North，July 3（？），1780，Donne&，The Correspondence of King George the Third with Lord North&，2：329；George Ⅲ to North，February 22，1780，Fortescue，The Correspondence of King George the Third&，5：20.

59&．I.R.Christie，“The Marquis of Rockingham and Lord North's Offer of a Coalition，June-July 1780，”in&Myth and Reality&，pp.109-32.

60&．Steuart，The Last Journals of Horace Walpole&，2：311-12；H.T.Dickinson，The Politics of the People in Eighteenth-Century Britain&（New York：St.Martin's Press，1994），p.153；Wheatley，The Historical and Posthumous Memoirs of Sir Nathaniel William Wraxall&，1：244，246，247，251；Christopher Hibbert，King Mob&：The London Riots of&1780（New York：Dorset Press，1958），pp.43，131；George Ⅲ to North，November 24，1779，Fortescue，The Correspondence of King George the Third&，4：497.

61&．The Annual Register&，in Murdoch&，Rebellion in America&，p.535.

62&．Wheatley，The Historical and the Posthumous Memoirs of Sir Nathaniel William Wraxall&，2：3－4.

63&．Ibid.；“The House Debates Whether to Continue the War，”November 9，1780，in&The American Revolution as Described by British Writers and The Morning Chronicle and London Advertiser&，ed.Elizabeth R．Miller（Bowie，Md.：Heritage Books，1991），p.29；Wheatley，The Historical and the Posthumous Memoirs of Sir Nathaniel William Wraxall&，2：10.

64&．Peter Brown，The Chathamites&：A Study in the Relationship between Personalities and Ideas in the Second Half of the Eighteenth&Century&（New York：St.Martin's Press，1967），p.35.

65&．George Ⅲ to North，November 28，1781，December 26，1781，February 26，1782，Fortescue，The Correspondence of King George the Third&，5：304，326，374；I.R.Christie，The End of North's Ministry&（London：Macmillan，1958），p.288；The New Annual Register&，or General Repository of History&，Politics&，and Literature for the Year&1782（London：G.Robinson，1783），p.4；Wheatley，The Historical and Posthumous Memoirs of Sir Nathaniel William Wraxall&，2：151-52.

66&．The New Annual Register&，p.4.

67&．Christie，The End of North's Ministry&，pp.288，273，289；Wheatley，The Historical and Posthumous Memoirs of Sir Nathaniel William Wraxall&，2：178.“Removal of Lord George Germain，”The Manuscripts of Captain Howard Vincente Knox&，p.276.

68&．George Ⅲ to North，February 28，1782，Fortescue，The Correspondence of King George the Third&，ed.Fortescue，5：375；North to George Ⅲ，March 18，1782，ibid.，p.395；George Ⅲ to North，March 19，1782，ibid.，p.397；Steuart，The Last Journals of Horace Walpole&，2：211.

69&．Draft message from the King，Fortescue，The Correspondence of&King George The Third&，5：425.

70&．Thomas Fleming，The Perils of Peace&：America's Struggle for Survival after Yorktown&（New York：HarperCollins，2007），p.241；Wheatley，The Historical and Posthumous Memoirs of Sir Nathaniel William Wraxall&，2：395；The Annual Register&，in Murdoch，Rebellion in America&，p.987；Fraser，Princesses&，p.73.

71&．George Ⅲ to Fox，August 7，1783，Fortescue，The Correspondence of King George the Third&，6：443-44；John L．Bullion，“George Ⅲ and Empire，1783，”William and Mary Quarterly&，3d ser.，51，no.2（April 1994）：309 n．7；George Ⅲ to North，September 7，1783，Fortescue，The Correspondence of King George the Third&，6：443-44；Eric Robson，The American Revolution in Its Political and Military Aspects&1763-1783（1955；repr.New York：Norton，1966），p.29.

72&．Linda Colley，“The Apotheosis of George Ⅲ：Loyalty，Royalty and the British Nation，1760-1820，”Past and Present&，no.102（1984）：94-129.

73&．Colley，“The Apotheosis of George Ⅲ”；Black，George&Ⅲ：America's Last King&，p.287.

74&．Stanley Ayling，George The Third&（London：Collins，1972），p.117；Judy Rudoe，“Queen Charlotte's Jewelry：Reconstructing a Lost Collection，”in Marsden，The Wisdom of George the Third&，p.196；Flora Fraser，“Princesses：Telling the Story，”ibid.，p.221.

75&．Ida Macalpine and Richard Hunter，George&Ⅲ&and the Mad-Business&（London：Allen Lane，1969）．本书为早前论文的成果。后者包括“The ‘Insanity’ of George II：A Classic Case of Porphyria，British Medical Journal&，no.5479（January 1966）：65-71；”A Clinical Reassessment of the “Insanity” of George Ⅲ and Some of Its Historical Implications，Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research&15（1967）：166-85；Porphyria-A Royal Malady&：Articles Published in or Commissioned by the British Medical Journal&（London：British Medical Association，1968）。也可参见 Fraser，Princesses&，p.316。关于乔治三世的病因还有其他的理论。但是卟啉症的依据，获得Rohl等人的论文有力支持。见J.C.G.Rohl，M.Warren，and D．Hunt，Purple Secret&：Genes&，“Madness&”&and the Royal Houses of Europe&（London：Bantam Press，1998）．

76&．Macalpine and Hunter，George&Ⅲ&and the Mad-Business&，pp.160-61.

77．George Ⅲ to Lord Shelburne，November 10，1782，Fortescue，The Correspondence of King George the Third&，6：154；Adams，The Works of John Adams&，8：257.

第二章

1&．The Diary and Letters of His Excellency Thomas Hutchinson&，Esq&.，ed.Peter Orlando Hutchinson，2 vols.（New York：Burt Franklin.1971），2：262；North to George Ⅲ，June 4，1779，The Correspondence of King George the Third from&1760&to December&1783，ed.Sir John Fortescue，6 vols.（London：Macmillan，1927-28），4：369.

2&．March 17，1778:&The Last Journals of Horace Walpole During the Reign of George&Ⅲ，ed.A.F.Steuart，2 vols.（London：John Lane，1910），2：139，210；December 9，1779：Hutchinson，Diary and Letters of Thomas Hutchinson&，2：306：；Steuart，The Last Journals of Horace Walpole&，1：239，2：210；William Cobbett and Thomas Hansard，eds.，The Parliamentary History of England from the Earliest Period to&1803，36 vols.（London：Hansard，1806-22），22：cols.949，950，quoted in Alan Valentine，Lord North&，2 vols.（Norman：University of Oklahoma Press，1967），2：112.

3&．Steuart，The Last Journals of Horace Walpole&，1：47；Public Advertiser&，April 21，1778，in&Our American Brethren&：A History of Letters in the British Press During the American Revolution&，1775-1781，ed.Alfred Grant（Jefferson，N.C.：McFarland，1995），p.74；Steuart，The Last Journals of&Horace Walpole&，pp.596-97.

4&．Charles Daniel Smith，The Early Career of Lord North the Prime Minister&（London：Athlone Press，1979），pp.47，94.T查理•詹金斯认为诺思伯爵的辞职意愿并不真诚；参见 Eric Robson，“Lord North，”History Today&2，no.8（August 1952）：537。类似的看法还可见于学者的描述，包括John Brooke，King George&Ⅲ（London：Constable，1972），p.195.W.Baring Pemberton，Lord&North&（London：Longmans，Green，1938），p.4认为诺思的辞职意愿真诚。

5&．Pemberton，Lord North&，p.248；Steuart，The Last Journals of&Horace Walpole&，1：117；George Ⅲ to North，September 19，1777，Fortescue，The Correspondence of King George the Third&，3：479；George Ⅲ to North，May 19，1778，ibid.，4：145-46；Brooke，King George&Ⅲ，p.195评论称，出纳职务的承诺并非获取诺思留任的诱饵，而是对过往服务的酬谢。Thomas，Lord North&，p.114：“这类酬谢导致诺思认为自己未经国王许可不便辞职的政治结果。但他从未获得许可……于是纽带成为锁链。”

6&．”Herbert Butterfield，George&Ⅲ，Lord North and the People&，1779-80（New York：Russell Russell，1968），pp.18，19；The Correspondence of King George the Third with Lord North&，ed.W.B.Donne，2 vols.（London：John Murray，1867；repr.New York：Da Capo Press，1971），2：154；希尔斯伯勒伯爵对托马斯•哈钦森发表评论称，诺思的父亲期待诺思留任直到所有的家庭成员都“得到好处”。Hutchinson，Diary and Letters of Thomas Hutchinson&，1：378.

7&．Horace Walpole，Memoirs of the Reign of King George&Ⅲ，ed.Derek Jarrett，4 vols.（New Haven，Conn.：Yale University Press，2000），4：143；The Letters of Junius，ed.John Cannon（Oxford：Clarendon Press，1978），p.189.

8&．The Historical and the Posthumous Memoirs of Sir Nathaniel William Wraxall&1772-1784, ed.Henry B．Wheatley，5 vols.（1836；repr.London：Bickers Son，1884），1：3，371，376，361-62.

9&．Hugh Bowen，“British Conceptions of Global Empire，1756-83，”Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History&26，no.3（1998）：6，10，13.

10&．Peter G．Dickson，The Financial Revolution in England&：A Study of the Development of Public Credit&（New York：St.Martin's Press，1967）；John Brewer，The Sinews of Power&：War&，Money&，and the English State&，1688-1783（New York：Knopf，1989）；Gerald Newman，The Rise of English Nationalism&：A Cultural History&（New York：St.Martin's Press，1987）；Linda Colley，Britons&：Forging the Nation&，1707-1837（New Haven，Conn.：Yale University Press，1992）；Eliga H．Gould，The Persistence of&Empire&：British Political Culture in the Age of the American Revolution&（Chapel Hill：University of North Carolina Press，2000）．

11&．Dora Mae Clark，British Opinion and the American Revolution&（New York：Russell Russell，1966），pp.133，201；Reginald Lucas，Lord North&，1732-1792，2 vols.（London：Arthur L．Humphreys，1913） 1：70；Proceedings and Debates of the British Parliaments Respecting North America&1754-1783，ed.R.C.Simmons and P．D.G.Thomas，6 vols.（Millwood，N.Y.：Kraus International，1982-86），3：3；P.D.G.Thomas，The Townshend Duties Crisis&：The Second Phase of the American Revolution&1767-1773（Oxford：Oxford University Press，1987），p.134；Thomas，George&Ⅲ：King and Politicians&1760-1770（Manchester：Manchester University Press，2002），p.206；Thomas，Lord North&（London：Allen Lane，1976） pp.32-33.

12&．P.J.Marshall，The Making and Unmaking of Empires&：Britain&，India and America c&．1750-1783（Oxford：Oxford University Press，2005），p.318.

13&．Simmons and Thomas，Proceedings and Debates of&the British Parliaments Respecting North America&1754-1783，3：210-216，228-37；Smith，The Early Career of Lord North the Prime Minister&，p.226；Rebellion in America&：A Contemporary British Viewpoint&1765-1783，ed.David H．Murdoch（Santa Barbara，Calif.：Clio Books，1979），pp.102-3.

14&．Thomas，The Townshend Duties Crisis&，pp.252，171.

15&．H.T.Dickinson，“Britain's Imperial Sovereignty：The Ideological Case against the American Colonists，”in&Britain and the American Revolution&，ed.H.T.Dickinson（London：Addison Wesley Longman，1979），pp.64-96.

16&．Murdoch，Rebellion in America&：A Contemporary British Viewpoint&1765-1783，pp.221，216.See also his later speech in&The Annual Register&，ibid.，p.576.

17&．North's speech of March 7，1774 in&The Annual Register&，ibid.，p.132；Steuart，The Last Journals of Horace Walpole&，1：317-18；P.D.G.Thomas，Tea Party to Independence&：The Third Phase of the American Revolution&1773-1776（Oxford：Oxford University Press，1991），p.54；Neil Stout，The Perfect Crisis&：The Beginning of the Revolutionary War&（New York：New York University Press，1976），p.53；Ira Gruber，“The American Revolution as a Conspiracy：The British View，”William and Mary Quarterly&，3d ser.，26，no.3（July 1969）：360-72；Bernard Bailyn，The Ideological Origins of the American Revolution&（Cambridge，Mass.：Harvard University Press，1967），pp.150-59；Benjamin Woods Labaree，“The Idea of American Independence：The British View，1774-1776，”Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society&，3d.ser.，82（1970）：3-20.Thomas，Tea Party to Independence&，pp.51，82，50.

18&．The Papers of Benjamin Franklin&，ed.Leonard W．Labaree，William B．Willcox，Barbara Oberg，and Ellen R．Cohn，39 vols.（New Haven，Conn.：Yale University Press，1959-），21：132-133.关于流行观点的当时评论，见Thomas，Tea Party to Independence&，p.83；Benjamin Woods Labaree，The Boston Tea Party&（Oxford：Oxford University Press，1964），p.206；Hutchinson，Diary and Letters of Thomas Hutchinson&，1：217；Charles R．Ritcheson，British Politics and the American Revolution（Norman：University of Oklahoma Press，1954），p.157；Paul Langford，“The British Business Community and the Later Nonimportation Movements，1768-1776，”in&Resistance&，Politics&，and the American Struggle for Independence&，1765-1775，ed.Walther H．Conser Jr.，Ronald M．McCarthy，David J．Toscano，and Gene Sharp（Boulder，Colo.：Lynne Riener，1986），p.281。

19&．Stout，The Perfect Crisis&，p.52；Labaree，The Boston Tea Party&，p.207；Boswell，Life of Johnson&，quoted in Smith，The Early Career of Lord North&，p.175.

20&．Labaree，The Boston Tea Party&，p.238；Peter Oliver's Origin and Progress of the American Rebellion&：A Tory View&，ed.Douglass Adair and John A．Schutz，（Stanford，Calif.：Stanford University Press，1961），p.114.

21&．Murdoch，Rebellion in America&，p.216；North's speech of March 7，1774 in&The Annual Register&，ibid.，p.133.Ritcheson，British Politics and the American Revolution&，p.158；Stout，The Perfect Crisis&，p.126；Julie Flavell，“Government Interception of Letters from America and the Quest for Colonial Opinion in 1775，”William and Mary Quarterly&，3d ser.，58，no.2（April 2001）：416，418，420，423.

22&．Thomas，Tea Party to Independence&，p.168，178；Hutchinson，The Diary and Letters of Thomas Hutchinson&，December 22，1774，1：330；Steuart，The Last Journals of Horace Walpole&，1：427；The Annual Register&，in Murdoch，Rebellion in America&，p.225；Gibbon to J．B.Holroyd，February 8，1775，in&The Letters of Edward Gibbon&，ed.J.E.Norton，3 vols.（New York：Macmillan，1956），3：59.

23&．Ritcheson，British Politics andthe American Revolution&，p.178；Bernhard Knollenberg，Growth of the American Revolution&：1766-1775（1975；repr.Indianapolis：Liberty Fund，2003），p.318.

24&．Benjamin Franklin to William Franklin，“Journal of Negotiations in London，”March 22，1775，Labaree et al.，The Papers of Benjamin Franklin&，21：550，552，567-68，571.

25&．Weldon A．Brown，Empire or Independence&：A Study in the Failure of Reconciliation&，1774-1783（Baton Rouge：Louisiana State University Press，1941），pp.36-40；Thomas，Tea Party to Independence&，pp.176-80；Lucas，Lord North&，2：36；Benjamin Franklin to William Franklin，“Journal of Negotiations in London，”March 22，1775，Larabee et al.，The Papers of Benjamin Franklin&，21：591.

26&．I.R.Christie，Crisis of Empire&：Great Britain and the American Colonies&1754-1783（New York：Norton，1966），p.96；Thomas，Lord North&，p.84；Allan J．McCurry，“The North Government and the Outbreak of the American Revolution，”Huntington Library Quarterly&34，no.2（February 1971）：153，155；Benjamin Franklin to William Franklin，“Journal of Negotiations in London，”March 22，1775，Labaree et al.，The Papers of Benjamin Franklin&，21：595；Virginia Resolutions on Lord North's Conciliatory Proposal [10 June 1775]，Boyd et al.，The Papers of Thomas Jefferson&，1：171.See also “Resolutions of Congress on Lord North's Conciliatory Proposal”（Jefferson's draft resolutions [25 July 1775]），ibid.，225-33.《和解建议》最初在驻伦敦的部分美国人中引发好评。见Julie Flavell，“Lord North's Conciliatory Proposal and the Patriots in London，”English Historical Review&107，no.423（April 1992）：302-22。

27&．Hutchinson，Diary and Letters of Thomas Hutchinson&，1：400.See also Bernard Donoughue，British Politics and the American Revolution：The Path to War，1773-75（London：Macmillan，1964），p.200.

28&．The Annual Register&，in Murdoch，Rebellion in America&，p.240；Steuart，The Last Journals of Horace Walpole&，1：437.

29&．Benjamin Franklin to William Franklin，“Journal of Negotiations in London，”March 22，1775，Labaree et al.，The Papers of Benjamin Franklin&，p.591；Gibbon to J．B.Holroyd，February 25，1775，Norton，The Letters of Edward Gibbon&，3：61；The Annual Register&，in Murdoch，Rebellion in America&，p.240；Steuart，The Last Journals of&Horace Walpole&，1：437.

30&．Hutchinson，Diary and Letters of Thomas Hutchinson&，1：454.

31&．Thomas，Tea Party to Independence&，pp.252，254，260；Julie M．Flavell，“American Patriots in London and the Quest for Talks，1774-1775，”Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History&20，no.3（1992）：357-58.Williamson和Cruger认为，诺思和达特茅斯伯爵比其他内阁成员更急于避免战争。但他们的观点并未获得富兰克林和李的认可。Flavell，“Lord North's Conciliatory Proposal and the Patriots in London，”p.317.

32&．The Annual Register&，in Murdoch，Rebellion in America&，p.562；Brown，Empire or Independence&，p.23；John Shy，A People Numerous and Armed&：Reflections on the Military Struggle for American Independence&，rev.ed.（Ann Arbor：University of Michigan Press，2000），pp.71-74.

33&．Ritcheson，British Politics and the American Revolution&，p.192；Stanley Weintraub，Iron Tears&：America's Battle for Freedom&，Britain's Quagmire&，1775-1783（New York：Free Press，2005），pp.8，53；Solomon Lutnick，The American Revolution and the British Press&1775-1783（Columbia：University of Missouri Press，1967）；Burke to Rockingham，February 2，1774，The Correspondence of Edmund Burke&，ed.Thomas W．Copeland et al.，10 vols.（Chicago：The University of Chicago Press，1960），2：523-524；Troy Bickham，Making Headlines.The American Revolution as Seen through the British Press&（DeKalb：Northern Illinois University Press，2009），作者认为，媒体报道混杂，报纸并没有追随政党路线发生分裂，也没有追随政治捐款人的立场，pp.50，75。

34&．Stephen Conway，The British Isles and the War of American Independence&（Oxford：Oxford University Press，2000），p.135.

35&．The Annual Register&，in Murdoch，Rebellion in America&，p.210.

36&．Valentine，Lord North&，1：373；William Knox，account of first peace commission of 1776，n.d.，Knox Papers&，X，fol.23，WLCL，cited in Ira D．Gruber，The Howe Brothers andthe American Revolution&（Chapel Hill：University of North Carolina Press，1972），p.74；Alexander Wedderburn to Lord George Germain，[March 7，1776？]，Historical Manuscripts Commission，Report on the Manuscripts of Mrs.Stopford-Sackville of Drayton House&，Northamptonshire&，2 vols.（London：H.M.Stationery Office，1910），pp.24-25.

37&．“First Commissioners to the American Colonies，”The Manuscripts of Captain Howard Vincente Knox&（From Volume VI of&“Reports on Manuscripts in Various Collections&”&Prepared by the Historical Manuscripts Commission&，Great Britain&）（1909；repr.Boston：Gregg Press，1972），pp.258-60.The peace commission is discussed in Ritcheson，British Politics and the American Revolution&，pp.202-8；Brown，Empire or Independence&，pp.75-85；Gruber，The Howe Brothers and the American Revolution&，pp.72-74；Steuart，The Last Journals of Horace Walpole&，1：551；Thomas，Tea Party to Independence&，p.293；The Annual Register&，in Murdoch，Rebellion in America&，p.342.这是一个属于国王而非国会的委员会，因此没有引起国会重视。

38&．Valentine，Lord North&，1：421；Historical Manuscript Commission，Abergavenny Papers&，cited in Lucas，Lord North&，2：53；North to Eden，November 4，1777，in Ritcheson，British Politics and the American Revolution&，p.233；Lucas，Lord North&，2：54.For newspaper comment see，for example，Public Advertiser&，December 12，1777，and December 12，1777，and British Legion in the&Morning Post&，December 30，1777，in Grant，Our American Brethren&，pp.90，115，113；Bickham，Making Headlines，pp.69-70.

39&．North to Lord Chancellor Bathurst，December 9，1777，Cirencester House Papers，cited in Lucas，Lord North&，2：55；North to George Ⅲ，October 25，1778，Fortescue，The Correspondence of King George the Third&，4：210.

40&．Flavell，“American Patriots in London and the Quest for Talks，”pp.356-57；Wentworth negotiations described in Ritcheson，British Politics andthe American Revolution&，pp.234-41；Helen Augur，The Secret War of Independence&（New York：Little，Brown，1955），pp.254-61.G.H.Guttridge，English Whiggism and the American Revolution&（Berkeley：University of California Press，1963），pp.282，289.

41&．The Diaries of Sylvester Douglas&（Lord Glenbervie&），ed.Francis Bickley，2 vols.（London：Constable，1928），2：403；Paul David Nelson，William Tryon and the Course of Empire&：A Life in the British Imperial Service&（Chapel Hill：University of North Carolina Press，1990），p.160.

42&．Bickley，The Diaries of Sylvester Douglas&，1：403；“Orders and Instructions，”in&Proceedings of the British Commissioners in Philadelphia&，1778-9：Partly in Ferguson's Hand&，ed.Yasuo Amoh，Darren Lingley，and Hiroko Aoki（Kyoto：Kakenhi Supplemental Project Research Report，Kyoto University，2007），pp.25-41；Sources and Documents Illustrating the American Revolution&1764-1788&and the Formation of the Federal Constitution&，ed.Samuel Eliot Morison（1923；repr.Oxford：Oxford University Press，1965），pp.186-204；Piers Mackesy，The War for America&1775-1783（1964；repr.Lincoln：University of Nebraska Press，1993），pp.188-89；Jerome Reich，British Friends of the American Revolution&（Armonk，N.Y.：M.E.Sharpe，1998），p.121；Charles Stedman，The History of the Origin&，Progress&，and Termination of the American War&，2 vols.（London：J.Murray，J.Debrett，and J．Kerby，1794），2：6.

43&．Cobbett and Hansard，Parliamentary History&，19：762-815（February 19，1778） quoted in Valentine，Lord North&，i：cols.505；The Annual Register&，in Murdoch，Rebellion in America&，pp.576，577；Ritcheson，British Politics and the American Revolution&，p.261；Hutchinson，Diary&and Letters of Thomas Hutchinson&，1：187，189.

44&．The Annual Register&，in Murdoch，Rebellion in America&，p.581；Gibbon to J．B.Holroyd，February 23，1778，Norton，The Letters of Edward Gibbon&，3：411；The Annual Register&，in Murdoch，Rebellion in America&，p.577；Steuart，The Last Journals of Horace Walpole&，2：117.

45&．William B．Willcox，“British Strategy in America，1778，”Journal of Modern History&，19 no.2（June 1947）：106；Addendum of George Johnstone to Germain，June 15，1778，in Henry Clinton，William Eden，and George Johnstone to Germain，July 19，1778 and September 5，1778；in Amoh et al.，Proceedings of the British Commissioners at Philadelphia&，pp.71，81，111.

46&．Eden to North，March 30，1778，and Eden to Wedderburn，April 12，1778，in Valentine，Lord North&，1：535-36.

47&．Pemberton，Lord North&，p.278.

48&．Steuart，The Last Journals of Horace Walpole&，2：115；Gibbon to J．B.Holroyd，February 23，1778，Norton，The Letters of Edward Gibbon&，3：411；Morning Post&，March 10，1778，Grant，Our American Brethren&，p.99；The Annual Register&，in Murdoch，Rebellion in America&，p.354.

49&．North to Eden，June 14，1778，British Library，Add.MSS.34415，cited in Lucas，Lord North&，2：62；“Letter of Lady Charlotte Lindsay on Lord North，Green-Street，February 18，1839，”in Henry，Lord Brougham，Historical Sketches of Statesmen Who Flourished in the Time of George&Ⅲ，2 vols.（London：Charles Knight Co.，1839），1：393.

50&．Wheatley，The Historical and the Posthumous Memoirs of Sir Nathaniel William Wraxall&，1：373；Thomas，George&Ⅲ，p.51；Boswell，Life of Johnson&，May 17，1778，quoted in Valentine，Lord North&，2：8.Richard Middleton，The Bells of Victory&：The Pitt-Newcastle Ministry and the Conduct of the Seven Years' War&1757-1762（Cambridge：Cambridge University Press，1985） 。该书质疑皮特是否具有战略，并且认为太多胜利的荣誉被归于皮特，但这一观点受到下书的反驳，Brendan Simms，Three Victories and a Defeat&：The Rise and Fall of the First British Empire&，1714-1783（New York：Basic Books，2007），pp.423，429-30。

51&．“Letter of Lady Charlotte Lindsay on Lord North，”in Brougham，Historical Sketches of Statesmen Who Flourished in the Time of George&Ⅲ，I：392；Lucas，Lord North&，3：62，88，89，99.

52&．Boswell，Life of Johnson&，quoted Valentine，Lord North&，1：363；Hutchinson，Diary and Letters of Thomas Hutchinson&，1：451.

53&．North to George Ⅲ，March 20，1778，[May 6，1778？]，May 10，1778，Fortescue，The Correspondence of King George the Third&，4：70，132，138.

54&．Bickley，The Diaries of Sylvester Douglas&，1：231；Smith，The Early Career of Lord North&，p.238；Lucas，Lord North&，1：355-356.

55&．William Burke to the duke of Portland，August12，1779，quoted in Lucas，Lord North&，2：93；British Library，Add.MSS.38212，（Liverpool Papers，vol.33），f.56，quoted in Guttridge，English Whiggism and the American Revolution&，p.111；North to Dartmouth，November 34，1779，Patshull House Papers，cited&Lord North&，2：98；North to Guilford，April 25，1781，quoted ibid.，p.133.

56&．Lord North to the king，May 7，1778，Fortescue，The Correspondence of King George the Third&，5：133；Hutchinson，Diary and Letters of Thomas Hutchinson&，i：404；Robinson to Jenkinson，June 13 and June [？]，1780，British Library，Add.MSS.38213，f.22，and 38214，f.57，quoted in Valentine，Lord North&，2：218；The Caledonian Mercury&，August 10，1778，Grant，Our American Brethren,&pp.73-74.

57&．Hutchinson，Diary and Letters of Thomas Hutchinson&，3：182；Sandwich to George Ⅲ，September 14，1779，Fortescue，The Correspondence of King George the Third&，4：435；Butterfield，George&Ⅲ，Lord North and the People&，p.151；John Robinson to Jenkinson，January 27，1780；Jenkinson to Robinson，quoting Thurlow，January 27，1780；British Library，Add.MSS.38213，ff.79-80，80；cited in Valentine，Lord North&，2：185；North to Robinson，May 25，1779，Historical Manuscripts Commission，Abergavenny Papers&，no.217，cited in Ian R．Christie，The End of North's Ministry&，1780-1782（London：Macmillan，1958），p.5.

58&．Robson，“Lord North，”p.533；Butterfield，George&Ⅲ，Lord North and the People&，pp.60-81.

59&．LordNorth to the king，February 2，1776，Fortescue，The Correspondence of King George the Third&，3：335；Hutchinson，Diary and Letters of Thomas Hutchinson&，January 4，1775，February 17，1775，1：343，378.

60&．Willcox，“British Strategy in America，1778，”pp.97-121；Gerald S．Brown，“The Anglo-French Naval Crisis，1778：A Study of Conflict in the North Cabinet，”William and Mary Quarterly&，3d ser.，13，no.1（January 1956）：3-25；David Syrett，“Home Waters or America? The Dilemma of British Naval Strategy in 1778，”The Mariner's Mirror&77，no.4（November 1991）：365-77.

61&．H.M.Scott，British Foreign Policy in the Age of the American Revolution&（Oxford：Oxford University Press，1990），pp.19，256，261；North to George Ⅲ，March 21，[1778]，Fortescue，The Correspondence of King George the Third&，4：70；Baroness von Riedesel and the American Revolution&：Journal and Correspondence of a Tour of Duty&1776-1783，ed.Marvin L．Brown，Jr.（Chapel Hill：University of North Carolina Press，1965），pp.9-10.

62&．Norman Baker，Government and Contractors&：The British Treasury and War Supplies&1775-1783（London：Athlone Press，1971），pp.10，23，28，42，142，247；David Syrett，Shippingand the American War&1775-83：A Study of British Transport Organisation&（London：Athlone Press，1970），p.131；R.Arthur Bowler，Logistics and the Failure of the British Army in America&1775-1783（Princeton，N.J.：Princeton University Press，1975），pp.102-3；North to George Ⅲ，Fortescue，The Correspondence of King George the Third&，4：216-217；Eden to North，August 25，1779，Butterfield，George&Ⅲ，Lord North and the People&，p.61.

63&．Ian R．Christie，Myth and Reality in Late-Eighteenth-Century British Politics and Other Papers&（London：Macmillan，1970），p.11.

64&．R.B.McDowell，Ireland in the Age of Imperialism and Revolution&1760-1801（Oxford：Clarendon Press，1979），pp.254，256，257；Maurice R．O'Connell，Irish Politics and Social Conflict in the Age of the American Revolution&（Philadelphia：University of Pennsylvania Press，1965），pp.148，189，194；Butter-field，George&Ⅲ，Lord North and the People&，p.103.

65&．Butterfield，George&Ⅲ，Lord North and the People&，pp.120-21；The Annual Register&，in Murdoch，Rebellion in America&，pp.318，440；Valentine，Lord North&，2：66.

66&．Christie，Myth and Reality&，p.296；Christie，The End of North's Ministry&，p.259；John Norris，Shelburne and Reform&（London：Macmillan，1963），pp.102，107，108.

67&．Conway，The British Isles and the War of American Independence&，pp.51-55；Butterfield，George&Ⅲ，Lord North and the People&，p.42；Daniel A．Baugh，“Why Did Britain Lose Command of the Sea During the War for America？” in&The British Navy andthe Use of Naval Power in the Eighteenth Century&，ed.Jeremy Black and Philip Woodfine（Leicester：Leicester University Press，1988），pp.159，161；North to George Ⅲ，March 25，1778，Fortescue，Correspondence of King George the Third&，4：77.

68&．Bickham，Making Headlines&，pp.7，14，22，29，49，51，185-206.

69&．Wheatley，The Historical and the Posthumous Memoirs of Sir Nathaniel William Wraxall&，1：369，364；P.D.G.Thomas，The House of Commons in the Eighteenth Century（Oxford：Oxford University Press，1971），pp.41，234.

70&．Wheatley，The Historical and the Posthumous Memoirs of Sir Nathaniel William Wraxall&，2：35；Walpole，Memoirs of the Reign of King George&Ⅲ，4：143；Steuart，The Last Journals of Horace Walpole&，1：533，537；Wheatley，The Historical and the Posthumous Memoirs of Sir Nathaniel William Wraxall&，1：365.另见小皮特聘用的苏格兰经济学家James Anderson对诺思讲话的描述，Smith，The Early Career of Lord North&，p.127。

71&．Bickley，The Diaries of Sylvester Douglas&，1：237-238；Steuart，The Last Journals of Horace Walpole&，2：94；Bickley，The Diaries of Sylvester Douglas&，1：403；Don Cook，The Long Fuse&：How England Lost the American Colonies&，1760-1785（New York：Atlantic Monthly Press，1995），p.148；Lucas，Lord North&，2：99.

72&．Wheatley，The Historical and the Posthumous Memoirs of Sir Nathaniel William Wraxall&，2：33，92.

73&．Thomas，The House of Commons in the Eighteenth Century&，pp.1-2，114，125，127，174，244，262.

74&．Edward Gibbon，Memoirs of My Life&，ed.Georges Bonnard（New York：Funk Wagnalls，1966），p.156；Gibbon to J．B.Holroyd，February 25，1775，Norton，Letters of Edward Gibbon&，3：29；Gibbon，Memoirs of My Life&，p.156；Gibbon quoted in Lucas，Lord North&，1：44.

75&．Wheatley，The Historical and the Posthumous Memoirs of Sir Nathaniel William Wraxall&，2：101，1：367；Gibbon to Edward Eliot，June 20，1779，Norton，The Letters of Edward Gibbon&，3：219；Steuart，The Last Journals of Horace Walpole&，p.486；see also pp.70，81，82，427-28.Wheatley，The Historical and the Posthumous Memoirs of Sir Nathaniel William Wraxall&，2：33，34；see also Hutchinson，Diary and Letters of Thomas Hutchinson&，1：361；Steuart，The Last Journals of Horace Walpole&，1：81.418；Thomas，The House of Commons in the Eighteenth Century&，p.221；Reich，British Friends of the American Revolution&，p.129；Guttridge，English Whiggism and the American Revolution&，pp.236-37.

76&．Wheatley，The Historical and the Posthumous Memoirs of Sir Nathaniel William Wraxall&，1：238239；Historical Manuscripts Commission，17th Report，Lothian MSS.，p.351，cited in Guttridge，English Whiggism and the American Revolution&，p.109.

77&．Steuart，The Last Journals of Horace Walpole&，1：513；Stout，The Perfect Crisis&，p.173；Steuart，The Last Journals of Horace Walpole&，2：387.

78&．Wheatley，The Historical and the Posthumous Memoirs of Sir Nathaniel William Wraxall&，1：361，364.

79&．Patrick K．O'Brien，“The Political Economy of British Taxation，1660-1815，”Economic History Review&，2d ser.，41，no.1（February 1988）：1-32；H.V.Bowen，War and British Society&，1688-1815（Cambridge：Cambridge University Press，1988），pp.17-33；Brewer，The Sinews of Power&，pp.89，91，114，116；Wheatley，The Historical and the Posthumous Memoirs of Sir Nathaniel William Wraxall&，1：369370.

80&．John Cannon，Lord North&：The Noble Lord in the Blue Ribbon&（London：Historical Association，1970），p.14.

81&．Wheatley，The Historical and the Posthumous Memoirs of Sir Nathaniel William Wraxall&，2：138-139.

82&．Ibid.，pp.51-52，74，77.

83&．Ibid.，p.160.

84&．Christie，The End of North's Ministry&，pp.352-63；Olive Anderson，“The Role of the Army in Parliamentary Management During the American War of Independence，”Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research&34，no.140（December 1956）：147.Wheatley，The Historical and the Posthumous Memoirs of Sir Nathaniel William Wraxall&，2：194.

85&．Ibid.，p.242.

86&．Ibid.，p.244；Lucas，Lord North&，2：144，145.Wheatley，The Historical and the Posthumous Memoirs of Sir Nathaniel William Wraxall&，2：247.

87．Ibid.II，p.269.

88&．Bickley，The Diaries of Sylvester Douglas&1：180（February 24，1801）；Bodleian Library，North Papers，d19，f.19，quoted in Valentine，Lord North&，2：347；The Adams Papers&：Adams Family Correspondence&，ed.L.H.Butterfield，Richard Ryerson，and Margaret A．Hogan，10 vols.（Cambridge，Mass.：Harvard University Press，1963-），6：212-213，242.我为这些参考感谢艾迪斯•盖利斯和朱莉•弗拉维尔的协助。

89&．“Letter of Lady Charlotte Lindsay on Lord North，”in Brougham，Historical Sketches of Statesmen Who Flourished in the Time of George&Ⅲ，1：391；Memoirs of Richard Cumberland&：London&1806，ed.Henry Flanders（1856；repr.New York：Richard Bloom，1969），p.437；“Letter of Lady Charlotte Lindsay on Lord North，”in Brougham，Historical Sketches of Statesmen who Flourished in the Time of George&Ⅲ，1：395.

90&．Lucas，Lord North&，2：296-297；“Letter of Lady Charlotte Lindsay on Lord North，”in Brougham，Historical Sketches of&Statesmen Who Flourished in the Time of George&Ⅲ，1：392，395.

91&．Brougham，Historical Sketches of&Statesmen Who Flourished in the Time of George&Ⅲ，1：396，397.

92&．Bickley，The Diaries of Sylvester Douglas&，1：61；Edward Legge to a friend，August 13，1790，Public Record Office，30/29/6，quoted in Smith，The Early Career of Lord North&，p.297.

93&．Wheatley，The Historical and the Posthumous Memoirs of Sir Nathaniel William Wraxall&，2：146，3：71；Valentine，Lord North&，2：373；Cobbett and Hansard，Parliamentary History&，24：cols.987-97，1073，1143，1167，1202，quoted in Valentine，Lord North&，2：421.

第三章

1&．对这次航行的介绍见 William B．Willcox，Portrait of a General&：Sir Henry Clinton in the War of Independence&（New York：Knopf，1964），pp.36-39，43-44；Lieutenant William Fielding to Basil Fielding，earl of Denbigh，Boston，June 1775，The&Lost War&：Letters from British Officers During The American Revolution&，ed.Marion Balderston and David Syrett（New York：Horizon Press，1975），p.29。

2&．Ira D．Gruber，“George Ⅲ Chooses a Commander in Chief，”in&Arms and Independence&：The Military Character of the American Revolution&，ed.Ronald Hoffman and Peter J．Albert（Charlottesville：University of Virginia Press，1984），pp.166，170，171，172，174，181，182，188；The king's speech to his Cabinet，June 21，1779 in&The Manuscripts of Captain Howard Vincente Knox&（From Volume VI of&“Reports on Manuscripts in Various Collections&，”（1909；repr.Boston：Gregg Press，1972），pp.260-61.

3&．The Last Journals of Horace Walpole During the Reign of George&Ⅲ，ed.A.F.Steuart，2 vols.（London：John Lane，1910），1：561；The Annual Register&，in&Rebellion in America&：A Contemporary British Viewpoint&，1769-1783，ed.David H．Murdoch（Santa Barbara，Calif.：Clio Books，1979），p.223；Steuart，The Last Journals of Horace Walpole&，ed.1：428；Proceedings and Debates of the British Parliaments Respecting North America&1754-1783，ed.R.C.Simmons and P．D.G.Thomas，6 vols.（Millwood，N.Y：Kraus International，1982-86），5：347，352；Paul David Nelson，General James Grant&：Scottish Soldier and Royal Governor of East Florida&（Gainesville：University Press of Florida，1993），p.85；Neil Stout，The Perfect Crisis&：The Beginning of the Revolutionary War&（New York：New York University Press，1976），p.177；Piers Mackesy，The War for America&1775-1783（1964；repr.Lincoln：University of Nebraska Press，1993），p.34.

4&．The Correspondence of General Thomas Gage with the Secretaries of State&，and with the War Office and the Treasury&1763-1775，ed.Clarence Edwin Carter，2 vols.（1933；repr.Hamden，Conn.：Archon Books，1969），1：686-687；“Proceedings in Relation to the American Colonies，”in&The Manuscripts of Captain Howard Vincente Knox，p.257；Gage to Barrington，November 2，1774，in Carter，The Correspondence of General Thomas Gage&，2：658-59；John Richard Alden，General Gage in America&：Being Principally a History of His Role in the American Revolution&（Baton Rouge：Louisiana State University Press，1948），pp.219-20；229-30；John Shy，“Thomas Gage：Weak Link of Empire，”in&George Washington's Generals and Opponents&：Their Exploits and Leadership&，ed.George Athan Billias，2 vols.in 1（1964，1969；repr.New York：Da Capo Press，1994），2：24-26.

5&．The American Rebellion&：The Sir Henry Clinton's Narrative of His Campaigns&，1775-1782，ed.William B．Willcox（New Haven，Conn.：Yale University Press，1954），p.18；Burgoyne to Lord Rochfort，n.d.（June 1775） in Edward Barrington De Fonblanque，Political and Military Episodes in the Latter Half of the Eighteenth Century：Derived from the Life and Correspondence of the Right H&．John Burgoyne&，General&，Statesman&，Dramatist&（London：Macmillan，1876），pp.137，142-43.

6&．Willcox，The American Rebellion&，p.19；Mark Urban，Fusiliers&：The Saga of a British Redcoat Regiment in the American Revolution&（New York：Walker，2007），p.39；Roger Lamb，An Original and Authentic Journal of Occurrences During the Late American War from its Commencement to the Year&1783（Dublin：Wilkinson Courtney，1809），pp.29，32-33；Paul Lockhart，The Whites of Their Eyes&：Bunker Hill&，the First American Army&，and the Emergence of George Washington&（New York：Harper，2011），pp.215-16.

7&．Lockhart，The Whites of Their Eyes&，pp.211，259，288，290，307，313-14；Willcox，The American rebellion&，p.19；Bellamy Partridge，Sir Billy Howe&（New York：Longmans，Green，1932），p.3；Urban，Fusiliers&，p.43.Michael Pearson，Those Damned Rebels&：The American Revolution as Seen Through British Eyes&（New York：Da Capo Press，1972），pp.100，105；Lamb，Original and Authentic Journal of Occurrences During the Late American War&，p.29；The Diary and Letters of His Excellency Thomas Hutchinson&，Esq&.，ed.Peter Orlando Hutchinson，2 vols.（New York：Burt Franklin，1971），2：194.

8&．Gibbon to J．B.Holroyd，September 4，1775，The Letters of Edward Gibbon&，ed.J.E.Norton，3 vols.（New York：Macmillan，1956），2：83；memorandum of John Burgoyne in Fonblanque，Political and Military Episodes&，p.129.

9&．Burgoyne to General Hervey，June 14，1775；Burgoyne to Lord Rochfort，n.d（June 1775）；in Fonblanque，Political and Military Episodes in the Latter Half of the Eighteenth Century&，pp.140，149.

10&．Maya Jasanoff，Edge of Empire&：Lives&，Culture&，and Conquest in the East&1750-1850（New York：Knopf，2005），p.29.

11&．Howard H．Peckham，The War for Independence&，rev.ed.（Chicago：University of Chicago Press，1979），p.15；Urban，Fusiliers&，p.157.

12&．Steuart，The Last Journals of Horace Walpole&，p.433；The Historical and Posthumous Memoirs of Sir Nathaniel William Wraxall&1772-1784，ed.Henry B．Wheatley，5 vols.（1836；repr.London：Bickers Son，1884），2：42；The Earl and Countess Howe by Gainsborough&：A Bicentenary Exhibition&，ed.Anne French（London：English Heritage，1988），p.16；Charles Stedman，The History of the Origin&，Progress&，and Termination of The American War&，2 vols.（London：J.Murray，J.Debrett，and J．Kerby，1794），2：192.

13&．Frances Vivian，“A Defence of Sir William Howe with a New Interpretation of his action in New Jersey，June 1777，”Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research&44，no.178（1966）：70；Margaret Stead，“Contemporary Responses in Print to the American Campaigns of the Howe Brothers，”in&Britain and America Go to War：The Impact of War and Warfare in Anglo-America&，1754-1815，ed.Julie Flavell and Stephen Conway（Gainesville：University Press of Florida，2004），p.122.

14&．Lieutenant William Fielding to Basil Fielding，earl of Denbigh，November 20，1775，in Balderston and Syrett，The Lost War&，p.50.

15&．Matthew H．Spring，With Zeal and Bayonets Only&：The British Army on Campaign in North America&，1775-1783（Norman：University of Oklahoma Press，2008），pp.246，231-32，233；Stephen Brumwell，Redcoats&：The British Soldier and War in the Americas&，1755-1763（Cambridge：Cambridge University Press，2002），pp.231，232，233.

16&．Edward E．Curtis，The Organization of the British Army in the American Revolution&（New Haven，Conn.：Yale University Press，1926），p.4；Mackesy，The War for America&，p.78；Stephen Conway，The War of American Independence&1775-1783（London：Edward Arnold，1995），p.246；Germain to [Lord Suffolk]，[June 16 and 17，1775]，Historical Manuscripts Commission，Report on the Manuscripts of Mrs.Stopford-Sackville of Drayton House&，Northamptonshire&，2 vols.（London：H.M.Stationery Office，1910），2：2；Washington to Richard Henry Lee，December 26，1775，The Papers of George Washington&：Revolutionary War Series&，ed.W.W.Abbot，Philander D．Chase，Theodore Crackel，and Edward G．Lengel，20 vols.（Charlottesville：University of Virginia Press，1985-），2：611.

17&．John Creswell，British Admirals of the Eighteenth Century&：Tactics in Battle&（Hamden，Conn.：Archon Books，1972），p.148；David Syrett，Admiral Lord Howe&：A Biography&（Annapolis，Md.：Naval Institute Press，2006），pp.15-16.

18&．Syrett，Admiral Lord Howe&，pp.19-20.

19&．Ira D．Gruber，The Howe Brothers and the American Revolution&（Chapel Hill：University of North Carolina Press，1972），pp.51-52；Partridge，Sir Billy Howe&，p.6；Benjamin Franklin to William Franklin，Journal of Negotiations in London，March 22，1775，The Papers of Benjamin Franklin&，ed.Leonard W．Labaree，William B．Willcox，Barbara Oberg，and Ellen R．Cohn，39 vols.（New Haven，Conn.：Yale University Press，1959-），21：572；Simmons and Thomas，Proceedings and Debates of the British Parliaments Respecting North America&，5：503，507.

20&．Steuart，The Last Journals of Horace Walpole&，2：137；F.D.Cartwright，Major Cartwright&，1：75，quoted in Jerome Reich，British Friends of the American Revolution&（Armonk，N.Y.：M.E.Sharpe，1998），p.18；The Annual Register&，in Murdoch，Rebellion in America&，p.321；Gruber，“George Ⅲ Chooses a Commander in Chief，”pp.172，182；Mary Kinnear，“Pro-Americans in the British House of Commons in the 1770s”（Ph.D.diss.，University of Oregon，1973），p.133；Gruber，“George Ⅲ Chooses a Commander in Chief，”pp.169，173-74；Sir Lewis Namier and John Brooke，eds.，The House of Commons&1754-1790，3 vols.（London：H.M.Stationery Office，1964），3：149；Stephen Conway，“British Army Officers and the American War for Independence，”William and Mary Quarterly&，3d ser.，41，no.2（April 1984）：265-76；Ira D．Gruber，“For King and Country：The Limits of Loyalty of British Officers in the War for American Independence，”in&Limits of Loyalty&，ed.Edgar Denton（Waterloo，Ont.：Wilfred Laurier University，1980），pp.30-31，33.

21&．The Annual Register&，in Murdoch&，Rebellion in America&，p.321.

22&．William Howe to Samuel Kirk，February 21，1775，Partridge，Sir Billy Howe&，p.7；Simmons and Thomas，Proceedings and Debates of the British Parliaments Respecting North America&，November 20，1775，February 20，1776，6：282，396.

23&．Germain to General Irwin，July 26，1775，September 13，1775，Historical Manuscripts Commission，Stopford-Sackville Manuscripts&，2：136，137；Ira D．Gruber，“Lord Howe and Lord George Germain：British Politics and the Winning of American Independence，”William and Mary Quarterly&，3d ser.，22，no.2（April 1965）：231.

24&．Troyer Steele Anderson，The Command of the Howe Brothers During the American Revolution&（1936；repr.Cranbury，N.J.：The Scholar's Bookshelf，2005），p.58.

25&．David Hackett Fischer，Washington's Crossing&（Oxford：Oxford University Press，2004），p.31；David McCullough，1776（New York：Simon and Schuster，2005），p.134；Rebels and Redcoats&，ed.George F．Scheer and Hugh F．Rankin（New York：Da Capo Press，1957），p.146；North Callahan，“Henry Knox：American Artillerist，”in Billias，George Washington's Generals and Opponents&，1：243.

26&．The Journal of Ambrose Serle&，ed.Edward H．Tatum，Jr.（San Marino，Calif.：Huntington Library，1940），62.

27&．David Syrett，Shipping and the American War&1775-83:&A Study of British Transport Organisation&（London：Athlone Press，1970），p.185.

28&．John A．Tilley，The British Navy and the American Revolution&（Columbia：University of South Carolina Press，1987），pp.xvi，122；Urban，Fusiliers&，p.81.

29&．Urban，Fusiliers&，p.107；Spring，With Zeal and Bayonets Only&，pp.144，149；Stephen Conway，“The British Army，‘Military Europe，’ and the American War of Independence，”William and Mary Quarterly&，3d ser.，67，no.1（January 2010）：77.

30&．McCullough，1776，p.118；Germain to [Lord Suffolk]，[June 16 or 17，1775]，Historical Manuscripts Commission，Stopford-Sackville Manuscripts&，2：3.

31&．Anderson，The Command of the Howe Brothers&，p.130.

32&．Gruber，The Howe Brothers and the American Revolution&，p.115；Hugh，Lord Percy，to the duke of Northumberland，September 1，1776，and to Lord George Germain，September 2，1776，Letters of Hugh&，Earl Percy&，from Boston and New York&，1774-1776，ed.Hugh Percy and Charles K．Bolton（Boston：Charles E．Goodspeed，1902），pp.69，71.

33&．Bruce Bliven Jr.，Battle for Manhattan&（Baltimore：Penguin，1964），pp.27，29，35-37，40；Ruma&Chopra&，Unnatural Rebellion&：Loyalists in New York City During the Revolution&（Charlottesville&：University of Virginia Press&，2011），p&.46；Tatum&，The American Journal of Ambrose Serle&，p.104.

34&．Howe to Germain，September 25，1776，Historical Manuscripts Commission，Stopford-Sackville Manuscripts&，2：41.

35&．Washington to Samuel Washington，December 18，1776，Abbot et al.，The Papers of George Washington&：Revolutionary War Series&，7：369-71；Nicholas Tracy，Navies，Deterrence&，and American Independence&：Britain and Seapower in the&1760s and&1770s&（Vancouver：University of British Columbia Press，1988），p.139.

36&．Stead，“Contemporary Responses in Print to the Howe Brothers，”in Flavell and Conway，Britain and America Go to War&，p.131-32.另见弗朗西斯•霍普金森对豪的讽刺诗，Bruce Ingham Granger，Political Satire in the American Revolution&1763-1783（Ithaca，N.Y.：Cornell University Press，1960），p.172。

37&．Maldwyn A．Jones，“Sir William Howe：Conventional Strategist，”in Billias，George Washington's Generals and Opponents&. 2：66；Partridge，Sir Billy Howe&，p.102；Anderson，The Command of the Howe Brothers&，pp.15，135，141，145；Gruber，The Howe Brothers and the American Revolution&，p.126；Gruber，“Lord Howe and Lord George Germain，”p.236；Johann von Ewald，Diary of the American War&：A Hessian Journal&，trans.and ed.Joseph Tustin（New Haven，Conn.：Yale University Press，1979），pp.18，19，25.

38&．Stedman，“A Reply to the Observations of Lt.Gen.Sir William Howe，”pp.146-48，in Partridge，Sir Billy Howe&，p.49；Howe to Germain，July 7，1776，CO 5/93，PRO；Stedman，The History of the Origin&，Progress&，and Termination of the American War&，1：199.

39&．“The Justifying Memorial of the King of Great Britain，in Answer to the Exposition，c of the Court of France，”The Annual Register&，in Murdoch，Rebellion in America&，p.741；“The Humble Address of the House of Commons to the King，November 20，1778，”ibid.，pp.629，697；Morning Chronicle&，November 10，1775，and&London Chronicle&，November 11，1775，in&Our American Brethren&：A History of Letters in the British Press During the American Revolution&，1775-1781，ed.Alfred Grant（Jefferson，N.C.：McFarland，1995），p.170.See also ibid.，pp.86，164，171，172，174.

40&．Gruber，The Howe Brothers and the American Revolution&，pp.90，94-95；McCullough，1776，pp.144-45，147.

41&．Anderson，The Command of the Howe Brothers&，pp.159-60；Gruber，The Howe Brothers and the American Revolution&，p.116-19；Tatum，Journal of Ambrose Serle&，p.101.

42&．Reich，British Friends of America&，p.141；The Annual Register&，in Murdoch，Rebellion in America&，pp.441-42；William Cobbett and Thomas Hansard，eds.，The Parliamentary History of England from the Earliest Periodto&1803，36 vols.（London：Hansard，1806-22），17：cols.1431-33，1436-39；Gruber，The Howe Brothers and the American Revolution&，pp.124-26；The Annual Register&，in Murdoch，Rebellion in America&，p.342.

43&．Howe to Germain，April 26.1776，Historical Manuscripts Commission，Stopford-Sackville Manuscripts&，2：30.

44&．The Narrative of Lieut.Gen.Sir William Howe in a Committee of the House of Commons&，on the&29th of April&，1779，Relative to His Conduct During His Late Command of the King's Troops in North America&：To Which Are Added&，Some Observations Upon A Pamphlet&，Entitled&，Letters to A Nobleman&（London：Baldwin，1780），p.5；Christopher Duffy，The&Military Experience in the Age of Reason&（London：Routledge Kegan Paul，1987），p.11；The Narrative of Lieut.Gen.Sir William Howe&，pp.5-7.

45&．Bliven，Battle for Manhattan&，pp.71-109；Partridge，Sir Billy Howe&，pp.79-80；McCullough，1776，pp.218-19；Mark Mayo Boatner Ⅲ，Encyclopedia of the American Revolution&（New York：David McKay，1966），pp.488-91.

46&．Examination of Lieutenant GeneralThe Earl Cornwallis Before A Committee of the House of Commons&，Upon Sir William Howe's Papers&（London：J.Robson，1779），p.14；Partridge，Sir Billy Howe&，p.118；McCullough，1776，p.269.

47&．Fischer，Washington's Crossing&，pp.196-97，201，205；Rodney Atwood，The Hessians&：Mercenaries from Hessen-Kassel in the American Revolution&（Cambridge：Cambridge University Press，1980），pp.87，88；John S．Pancake，1777：The Year of the Hangman&（Tuscaloosa：University of Alabama Press，1977），p.53；Stedman，The History of the Origin&，Progress&，and Termination of the American War&，1：234.

48&．W.J.Wood，Battles of the Revolutionary War&1775-1781（New York：Da Capo Press，1990），pp.77，88，89.

49&．The Narrative of Lieut.Gen.Sir William Howe&，pp.7-9；John Shy，A People Numerous and Armed&：Reflections on the Military Struggle for American Independence&，（Ann Arbor：University of Michigan Press，2000），p.225，指出宣誓的人数为3000人；Gruber，“Lord Howe and Lord George Germain，”p.237，提供的数字为5000；Tatum，The Journal of Ambrose Serle&，p.157；Fischer，Washington's Crossing&，p.360；Nelson，General James Grant&，p.119；The Narrative of Lieut.Gen.Sir William Howe&，p.6；Atwood，The Hessians&，p.87.

50&．Partridge，Sir Billy Howe&，p.81；The Narrative of Lieut.Gen.Sir William Howe&，p.6；Sir James Murray to Elizabeth Murray，February 25，1777，in&Letters from America&1773-1780：Being the Letters of a Scots Officer&，Sir James Murray&，to His Home During the War of American Independence&，ed.Eric Robson（Manchester：Manchester University Press，1951），pp.37-42；Fischer，Washington's Crossing&，pp.359，366.

51&．Mackesy，The War for America&，p.102；Edward E．Curtis，The Organization of the British Army in the American Revolution&（New Haven，Conn.：Yale University Press，1926），pp.101-2，143；Gruber，The Howe Brothers&，p.135；R.Arthur Bowler，Logistics and the Failure of the British Army in America&1775-1783（Princeton，N.J.：Princeton University Press，1975），pp.64-65，71.

52&．Syrett，Admiral Lord Howe&，p.63；Reflections on a Pamphlet intitled&“a Letter to the Right Honble Lord Vict.H-E&”&By Admiral Lord Howe&，ed.Gerald Saxon Brown（Ann Arbor：University of Michigan Press，1959），p.25；Gruber，The Howe Brothers and the American Revolution&，pp.102-3，136，139，140-41，157.

53&．Anderson，The Command of the Howe Brothers During the American Revolution&，p.46；Vincent Morley，Irish Opinion and the American Revolution&，1760-1783（Cambridge：Cambridge University Press，2002），pp.24，87；R.B.McDowell，Ireland in the Age of Imperialism and Revolution&1760-1801（Oxford：Clarendon Press，1979），pp.22，59，128，263；Stephen Conway，“‘Like the Irish’？ Volunteer Corps and Volunteering in Britain during the American War，”in Flavell and Conway，Britain and America Go to War&，p.160.

54&．Richard B．Sheridan，“The Jamaican Slave Insurrection Scare of 1776 and the American Revolution，”Journal of Negro History&61，no.3（1976）：290-308；Journal of the Assembly of Jamaica，December 17，1776，CO.140/56，PRO；Stedman，The History of the Origin&，Progress&，and Termination of the American War&，1：259.

55&．Partridge，Sir Billy Howe&，p.6；Percy to General Harvey（？），July 28，1775，Percy and Bolton，Letters of Hugh&，Earl Percy&，p.58；The Annual Register&，Murdoch，Rebellion in America&，pp.342，350；Mackesy，The War for America&，p.38.

56&．Howe to Germain，November 30，1776，CO 5/93，PRO；The Narrative of Lieut.Gen.Sir William Howe&，pp.9-10.

57&．Beyond Philadelphia&：The American Revolution in the Pennsylvania Hinterland&，ed.John B．Frantz and William Pencak（University Park，Pa.：Pennsylvania State University Press，1998），pp.xvii-xix，197；Thomas Paine，The American Crisis&，introd.Andrew S．Trees（New York：Barnes Noble，2010），p.81；Howe to Germain，December 20，1776，CO 5/94，PRO；The Narrative of Lieut.Gen.Sir William Howe&，p.19.

58&．Fischer，Washington's Crossing&，p.366；The Narrative of Lieut.Gen.Sir William Howe&，p.14；Gruber，“Lord Howe and Lord George Germain，”pp.238-41；The Narrative of Lieut.Gen.Sir William Howe&，p.14；Stead，“Contemporary Responses in Print to the Howe Brothers，”in Flavell and Conway，Britain and America Go to War，p.124.

59&．The Narrative of Lieut.Gen.Sir William Howe&，pp.12，13-14.

60&．Howe to Germain，April 2，1777，July 7，1777，CO 5/94，PRO.

61&．Vivian，“A Defence of Sir William Howe，”pp.77-83.

62&．Gerald S．Brown，The American Secretary&：The Colonial Policy of Lord George Germain&，1775-1778（Ann Arbor：University of Michigan Press，1963），p.125.关于威廉•豪部队的数字说法不一，约在13 000-16 000人之间：Stephen R．Taaffe，The&Philadelphia Campaign&，1777-1778（Lawrence：University of Kansas Press，2003），p.50；Atwood，The Hessians&，p.117；John W．Jackson，With the British Army in Philadelphia&1777-1778（San Rafael，Calif.：Presidio Press，1979），p.280；Paul E．Kopperman，“The British High Command and Soldiers' Wives in America，1755-1783，”Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research&60，no.241（Spring 1982）：14-35.

63&．Stead，“Contemporary Responses in Print to the Howe Brothers，”in Flavell and Conway，Britain and America Go to War&，p.126；Ira Gruber，“British Strategy：The Theory and Practice of Eighteenth Century Warfare，”in&Reconsiderations on the Revolutionary War&：Selected Essays&，ed.Don Higginbotham（Westport，Conn.：Greenwood Press，1978），p.26；W.H.Moomaw，“The Denouement of General Howe's Campaign of 1777，”English Historical Review&79，no.312（July 1964）：500，502，503-04，506，508，511；Howe to Germain，August 30，1777，CO 5/94，PRO.

64&．Ewald，Diary of the American War&，pp.80，87；Peckham，The War for Independence&，p.70；W.J.Wood，Battles of the Revolutionary War&1775-1781，2d ed.（New York：Da Capo Press，2003），pp.92-114；Callahan，“Henry Knox：American Artillerist，”in Billias，George Washington's Generals and Opponents&，1：250.

65&．Ewald，Diary of the American War&，pp.91-92；Jackson，With the British Army in Philadelphia&，pp.16-17，25.

66&．The Narrative of Lieut.Gen.Sir William Howe&，p.27；Partridge，Sir Billy Howe&，p.186；Ewald，Diary of the American War&，pp.92，96；Walter Harold Wilkin，Some British Soldiers in America&（1914；repr.Milton Keynes：General Books，2010），p.12；Partridge，Sir Billy Howe&，p.189.

67&．Jackson，With the British Army in Philadelphia&，pp.x，10，53，81，103，201-2，212，216-17；Granger，Political Satire in the American Revolution&，p.262；John Peebles' American War&：The Diary of a Scottish Grenadier&，1776-1782，ed.Ira Gruber（Mechanicsburg，Pa.：Stackpole Books，1998），pp.161，169，177；Ewald，Diary of the American War&，p.120.

68&．Jackson，With the British Army in Philadelphia&，pp.53，120，177，188.

69&．Howe to Germain，November 30，1777，Historical Manuscripts Commission，Stopford-Sackville Manuscripts&，2：81；Troy Bickham，Making Headlines&：The American Revolution as Seen through the British Press&（DeKalb：Northern Illinois University Press，2009），p.106.

70&．Germain to Carleton，March 26，1777，Historical Manuscripts Commission，Stopford-Sackville Manuscripts&，2：63；Germain to Howe，May 18，1777，CO 5/94，PRO；Historical Manuscripts Commission，Stopford-Sackville Manuscripts&，2：66-67；Germain to Howe，September 3，1777，CO 5/94，PRO；The Manuscripts of Captain Howard Vincente Knox&，pp.276-77.

71&．Brown，The American Secretary&，p.125；Gruber，The Howe Brothers and the American Revolution&，pp.207，230.

72&．Gruber，The Howe Brothers and the American Revolution&，p.233；Washington to Israel Putnam，July 21，1777，Abbot et al.，The Papers of George Washington：Revolutionary War Series&，9：346；Christopher Hibbert，Redcoats and Rebels&：The American Revolution through British Eyes&（New York：Norton，1990），p.142；Washington to Horatio Gates，July 30，1777，Abbot et al.，The Papers of George Washington&：Revolutionary War Series&，10：459.

73&．The Narrative of Lieut.Gen.Sir William Howe&，p.20.

74&．Howe to Germain，July 15，1777，July 16，1777，CO 5/94，PRO；Brown，The American Secretary&，p.109；Gruber，The Howe Brothers and the American Revolution&，p.200；Germain to Knox，September 29，1777，The Manuscripts of Captain Howard Vincente Knox&，p.139；John F．Luzader，Saratoga&：A Military History of the Decisive Campaign of the American Revolution&（New York：Savas Beatie，2008），p.26；George H．Guttridge，“Lord George Germain in Office，1775-1782，”American Historical Review&33，no.1（October 1927）：29.

75&．Gordon S．Wood，“Rhetoric and Reality in The American Revolution，”William and Mary Quarterly&，3d ser.，23，no.1（January 1966）：3-22；Jay Fliegelman，Declaring Independence&：Jefferson&，Natural Language&，and the Culture of Performance&（Stanford，Calif.：Stanford University Press，1993）．

76&．Philip Davidson，Propaganda and the American Revolution&1763-1783（Chapel Hill：University of North Carolina Press，1941），pp.17，292-329.Michal Jan Rozbicki，Culture and Liberty in the Age of the American Revolution&（Charlottesville：University of Virginia Press，2011） 提出有力依据指出，自由是一种因阶级而异的权力和特权范围。作者指出，革命领导层致力于继续维持不平等。Gordon S．Wood，The Radicalism of the American Revolution&（New York：Knopf，1992） 讨论了革命及随后受到革命信条影响的时期的社会和政治变化。

77&．对过程的讨论见 Shy，A People Numerous and Armed&，pp.175-77，236，237，242。

78&．Eliga H．Gould，The Persistence of Empire&：British Political Culture in the Age of the American Revolution&（Chapel Hill：University of North Carolina Press，2000），p.163；Stephen Conway，“From Fellow-Nationals to Foreigners：British Perceptions of the Americans，Circa 1739-1783，”William and Mary Quarterly&，3d ser.，61，no.1（January 2002）：65-101；Stephen Conway，“‘The Great Mischief Complaind of’：Reflections on the Misconduct of British Soldiers in the Revolutionary War，”ibid.，47，no.3（July 1990）：370-91；Captain John Bowater to Basil Feilding，earl of Denbigh，April 4，1777，in Balderston and Syrett，The Lost War&，p.121；Major John Bowater to Basil Fielding，November 17，1777，ibid.，p.147.

79&．Colonel Stuart to Lord Bute，September 16，1778，A Prime Minister and His Son&：From the Correspondence of the Third Earl of Bute and of Lt.Gen.The Hon.Sir Charles Stuart&，K.B&，ed.The Hon.Mrs.E.Stuart Wortley（London：John Murray，1925），p.132；Joseph E．Tiedemann，“Patriots by Default：Queens County，New York，and the British Army，1776-1783，”William and Mary Quarterly&，3d ser.，43，no.1（January 1986）：38；Mathew C．Ward，“Crossing the Line? The Application of European ‘Rules of War’ in North America in the Eighteenth Century”（unpublished paper，Edinburgh University），pp.6，7；Spring，With Zeal and Bayonets Only&，p.13.

80&．Jackson，With the British Army in Philadelphia&，pp.224-25；“A Briton” in the&Public Advertiser&，January 11，1776，in Grant，Our American Brethren&，p.64.

81&．Rawdon to Francis，earl of Huntingdon，August 5，1776，Historical Manuscripts Commission，Report on the Manuscripts of the late Reginald Rawdon Hastings Esq&. ed.Francis Bickley，4 vols.（London：H.M.Stationery Office，1928-47），3：179；Gruber，The Howe Brothers and the American Revolution&，p.145.强---奸-案例见Gruber，John Peebles' American War&，p.74。

82&．Urban，Fusiliers&，p.108；Charles Stuart to Lord Bute，February 4，1777，in Wortley，A Prime Minister and his Son&，p.99；Stephen Kemble's Journal&，introd.George Athan Billias（Boston：Gregg Press，1972），pp.96，98；Jackson，With the British Army in Philadelphia&，p.97-98，190，268.

83&．Tiedemann，“Patriots by Default，”pp.35-63；Captain John Bowater to Basil Feilding，earl of Denbigh，November 25，1776，Balderston and Syrett，The Lost War&，p.108.

84&．Partridge，Sir Billy Howe&，pp.173-74；Howe to Germain，August 30，1777，Historical Manuscripts Commission，Stopford-Sackville Manuscripts&，2：75.

85&．Taaffe，The Philadelphia Campaign&，p.89；The Narrative of Lieut.Gen.Sir William Howe&，pp.32-33.

86&．Elizabeth A．Fenn，Pox Americana&：The Great Smallpox Epidemic of&1775-82（New York：Hill and Wang，2001），p.99.

87&．Howe to Germain，October 22，1777，Historical Manuscripts Commission，Stopford-Sackville Manuscripts&，2：80.

88&．Lady Howe to Lord North，18 February 1778，The Private Papers of John&，Earl of Sandwich&，First Lord of the Admiralty&1771-1782，ed.G.R.Barnes and J．H.Owen，4 vols.（London：Navy Records Society，1932-38），2：292；Germain to Lord Howe，August 4，1777，Historical Manuscripts Commission，Stopford-Sackville Manuscripts&，2：73；Tatum，The American Journal of Ambrose Serle&，pp.311-12.

89&．W.Hale to Admiral Hale，July 21，1778，in Wilkin，Some British Soldiers in America&，p.121.

90&．Gruber，The Howe Brothers and the American Revolution&，p.274；Stead，“Contemporary Responses in Print to the Howe Brothers，”p.131；Bickham，Making Headlines，p.93；Alan Valentine，Lord North&，2 vols.（Norman：University of Oklahoma Press，1967），2：44.

91&．Worthington C．Ford，“Parliament and the Howes，”Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society&，3d ser.，44（October 1910）：120-43.

92&．Syrett，Admiral Lord Howe&，pp.127-28.

93&．Gentleman's Magazine&，September 1799，p.807；Ann French，“The Earl and Countess Howe：A Biography，”in French，The Earl and Countess Howe by Gainsborough&，p.17.

第四章

1&．Alan Valentine，Lord George Germain&（Oxford：Oxford University Press，1962），p.260；The Diary and Letters of His Excellency Thomas Hutchinson&，Esq&.，ed.Peter Orlando Hutchinson，2 vols.（New York：Burt Franklin，1971），1：168-69；Morning Chronicle&，December 1，1777，Our American Brethren&：A History of Letters in the British Press During the American Revolution&，1775-1781，ed.Alfred Grant（Jefferson，N.C.：McFarland，1995） pp.110-11；Richard Sampson，Escape in America&：The British Convention Prisoners&1777-1783（Chippenham：Picton Publishing，1995），p.52；The Last Journals of Horace Walpole During the Reign of George&Ⅲ，ed.A.F.Steuart，2 vols.（London：John Lane，1910），pp.80-81；Account in the&Edinburgh Advertiser"ed by Troy Bickham，Making Headlines&.：The American Revolution as Seen through the British Press&（DeKalb：Northern Illinois University Press，2009），p.105.

2&．Anthony Morris Storer to George Selwyn，December 11，1777，quoted in Valentine，Lord George Germain&，p.265；Bickham，Making Headlines&，pp.36-37.

3&．George Athan Billias，“John Burgoyne：Ambitious General，”in&George Washington's Generals and Opponents&：Their Exploits and Leadership&，ed.Billias，2 vols.in 1（1964，1969；repr.New York：Da Capo Press，1994），2：142-143；Valentine，Lord George Germain&，p.299；Steuart，The Last Journals of Horace Walpole&，2：433；The Historical and Posthumous Memoirs of Sir Nathaniel William Wraxall&1772-1784，ed.Henry B．Wheatley，5 vols.（1836；repr.London：Bickers Son，1884），2：45-46.

4&．David Mannings，Sir Joshua Reynolds&：A Complete Catalogue of his Paintings&，2 vols.（New Haven，Conn.：Yale University Press，2000），2：113；Bruce Ingham Granger，Political Satire in the American Revolution&1763-1783（Ithaca，N.Y.：Cornell University Press，1960），pp.175-79.

5&．Joyce Godber，History of Bedfordshire&（Bedford：Bedfordshire County Council，1969），pp.175，200，247-48；Richard J．Hargrove Jr.，Gentleman John Burgoyne（Newark：University of Delaware Press，1983），p.17.关于谣言持续另见同上注作品，ibid.，p.18。

6&．Edward Barrington De Fonblanque，Political and Military Episodes in the Latter Half of the Eighteenth Century&：Derivedfrom The Life and Correspondence of the Right Hon.John Burgoyne&，General&，Statesman&，Dramatist&（London：Macmillan，1876），p.124.

7&．Gruber，“ British Strategy：The Theory and Practice of Eighteen-Century Warfare，”in&Reconsiderations on the Revolutionary War&：Selected Essays&，ed.Don Higginbotham（Westport，Conn.：Greenwood Press，1978），p.15；James Lunt，John Burgoyne of Saratoga&（London：Macdonald and Jane's，1976），p.17.

8&．Lunt，John Burgoyne of Saratoga&，pp.30-31.

9&．Ibid.，p.34；Fonblanque，Political and Military Episodes in the Latter Half of the Eighteenth Century，pp.15-21.

10&．Max M．Mintz，The Generals of Saratoga&：John Burgoyne and Horatio Gates&（New Haven，Conn.：Yale University Press，1990），p.19；Mannings，Sir Joshua Reynolds，1：113.

11&．Observations and Reflections Upon the Present Military State of Prussia&，Austria&，and France&，in Fonblanque，Political and Military Episodes in the Latter Half of the Eighteenth Century&，pp.62-82.

12&．Ibid.

13&．Burgoyne to Major Warde，November 23，1757，Burgoyne to Charles Townshend，August 10，1762，Bute to Burgoyne，November 2，1762，ibid.，pp.11，46，4，49.

14&．The House of Commons&1754-1790，ed.Sir Lewis Namier and John Brooke，3 vols.（London：H.M.Stationery Office，1964），3：453，1：14.

15&．The Letters of Junius&，ed.John Cannon（Oxford：Clarendon Press，1978），pp.154-58，180；Steuart，Last Journals of Horace Walpole&，1：202.

16&．Hargrove，Gentleman John Burgoyne&，p.43.

17&．Lunt，John Burgoyne of Saratoga&，pp.16，61；Hargrove，Gentleman John Burgoyne&，pp.44，49.

18&．Paul V．Williams，ed.，The Longand Short of General John Burgoynes Maid of Oaks&：The Story of an Eighteenth Century Play and Its Players&（Carshalton：Friends of Honeywood，2007），pp.23，24，27-31.

19&．Ibid.，pp.82-84，94，109.

20&．George Ⅲ to North，February 14，1771，March 12，1772，The Correspondence of KingGeorge the Third from&1760&to December&1783，ed.Sir John Fortescue，6 vols.（London：Macmillan，1927-28），2：218，328-29.

21&．H.V.Bowen，Revenue and Reform&：The Indian Problem in British Politics&1757-1773（Cambridge：Cambridge University Press，1991），p.117.

22&．Ibid.，pp.58-62.

23&．Ibid.，pp.169，172.

24&．Proceedings and Debates of the British Parliaments Respecting North America&1754-1783，ed.R.C.Simmons and P．D.G.Thomas，6 vols.（Millwood，N.Y.：Kraus International，1982-86），4：193，232，238；Steuart，Last Journals of Horace Walpole&，1：80，304.

25&．Memorandum by Burgoyne，in Fonblanque，Political and Military Episodes in the Latter Half of the Eighteenth Century&，pp.120-21.

26&．Ibid.，pp.34-36.

27&．Ibid.，p.122.

28&．Ibid.，pp.122-33.

29&．Ibid.，pp.129，128，132.

30&．John Burgoyne，The Speech of a General Officer in the House of Commons&，February&20th&，1775（n.p.，n.d.），pp.3，4；February 27，1775，Simmons and Thomas，Proceedings and Debates of the British Parliaments Respecting North America&1754-1783，5：475，476.

31&．Burgoyne，The Speech of a General Officer in the House of Commons&，pp.4，5，6，7，8；February 27，1775，Simmons and Thomas，Proceedings and Debates of the British Parliaments Respecting North America&1754-1783，5：476，477；Steuart，The Last Journals of Horace Walpole&，1：439；Benjamin Woods Labaree，“The Idea of American Independence：The British View，1774-1776，”Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society&，3d.ser.，82（1970）：6.

32&．Hutchinson，Diary and Letters of Thomas Hutchinson&，March 30，1775，I，p.420；Burgoyne to George Ⅲ，April 18，1775，Fonblanque，Political and Military Episodes in the Latter Half of the Eighteenth Century&，pp.133-34.

33&．Hargrove，Gentleman John Burgoyne&，p.73；Burgoyne to North，June 14，1775，Burgoyne to Rochford [1775]，Fonblanque，Political and Military Episodes in the Latter Half of the Eighteenth Century&，pp.136-37，pp.145，146.

34&．Burgoyne to Palmerston，[1775]，Burgoyne to North，June 14，1775，ibid.，pp.154，137.

35&．Billias，“John Burgoyne，”p.160；Fonblanque，Political and Military Episodes in the Latter Half of the Eighteenth Century&，pp.146，152；Billias，“John Burgoyne，”pp.157-58.

36&．John W．Shy，“Charles Lee：The Soldier as Radical，”in Billias，George Washington's Generals and Opponents&，1：22-54；Lee to Burgoyne，June 7，1775，Burgoyne to Lee，July 8，1775，Fonblanque，Political and Military Episodes in the Latter Half of the Eighteenth Century&，pp.161-67，168-72.

37&．Lieutenant William Feilding to Basil Feilding，earl of Denbigh，January 19，1776，in&The Lost War&：Letters of British Officers During The American Revolution&，ed.Marion Balderston and David Syrett（New York：Horizon Press，1975），pp.58-59；Mark Urban，Fusiliers&；The Saga of a British Redcoat Regiment in the American Revolution&（New York：Walker，2007），p.60；Fonblanque，Political and Military Episodes in the Latter Half of the Eighteenth Century&，p.188；Mintz，The Generals of Saratoga&，p.67；Sylvia Frey，The British Soldier in America&（Austin：University of Texas Press，1981），p.67；Hargrove，Gentleman John Burgoyne&，p.82.

38&．Burgoyne to North，June 14，1775，in Fonblanque，Political and Military Episodes in the Latter Half of the Eighteenth Century&，pp.138-39.

39&．Burgoyne to Rochford [1775]，Burgoyne to North [1775]，Burgoyne to Germain，August 20，1775，Burgoyne to Thurlow [1775]，ibid.，pp.147，148，149；pp.180，182；pp.194，197；p.200.

40&．Burgoyne to Rochford [1775]，ibid.，pp.151，152-53.

41&．Burgoyne to Rochford [1775]，Burgoyne to North [1775]，ibid.，pp.153，178；Hoffman Nicker-son，The Turning Point of the Revolution&，or Burgoyne in America（1928；repr.Cranbury，N.J.：The Scholar's Bookshelf，2005），pp.39-40；Valentine，Lord George Germain&，p.274；Paul David Nelson，General Sir Guy Carleton&，Lord Dorchester.Soldier-Statesman of Early British Canada&（Teaneck，New Jersey：Fairleigh Dickinson University Press，2000），pp.64-65.

42&．“Reflections upon the War in America，”in Fonblanque，Political and Military Episodes in the Latter Half of the Eighteenth Century&，pp.208-9.

43&．Ibid.

44&．Jefferson to Virginia delegates in Congress，May 10，1781，The Papers of Thomas Jefferson&，ed.Julian P．Boyd，Charles T．Cullen，John Catanzariti，Barbara B．Oberg，et al.，34 vols.（Princeton，N.J.：Princeton University Press，1950-），5：632-33；Michael Kranish，Flight from Monticello&：Thomas Jefferson at War&（Oxford：Oxford University Press，2010），p.249；Robert P．Davis，Where a Man Can Go&：Major General William Phillips&，British Royal Artillery&，1731-1781（Westport，Conn.：Greenwood Press，1999），p.48.

45&．Elizabeth A．Fenn，Pox Americana&：The Great Smallpox Epidemic of&1775-82（New York：Hill and Wang，2001），pp.64-67.

46&．Roger Lamb，An Original and Authentic Journal of Occurrences During the Late American War fiom Its Commencement to the Year&1783（Dublin：Wilkinson Courtney，1809），p.82；Paul H．Smith，“Sir Guy Carleton，”in Billias，George Washington's Generals and Opponents&，2：108；Gustave Lanctot，Canada and the American Revolution&1774-1783（Cambridge，Mass.：Harvard University Press，1967），p.26；Reginald Coupland，The Quebec Act&（Oxford：Clarendon Press，1925）．

47&．Burgoyne to Germain，June 22，1776，Historical Manuscripts Commission，Report on the Manuscripts of Mrs.Stopford-Sackville of Drayton House&，Northamptonshire&，2 vols.（London：H.M.Stationery Office，1910），2：37.

48&．Nelson，General Sir Guy Carleton&，pp.64，86-87，95.

49&．John H．G.Pell，“Philip Schuyler：The General as Aristocrat，”in Billias，George Washington's Generals and Opponents&，1：64.

50&．Burgoyne to Clinton，July 7，1776，and November 7，1776，in Douglas R．Cubbison，Burgoyne and the Saratoga Campaign&：His Papers&（Norman：University of Oklahoma Press，2012），pp.150-53，160.

51&．George Ⅲ to North，March 3，1778，Fortescue，The Correspondence of King George the Third&，4：45；Smith，“Sir Guy Carleton，”pp.127-28；Alfred L．Burt，“The Quarrel Between Germain and Carleton：An Inverted Story，”Canadian Historical Review&11（September 1930）：202-22.

52&．John Burgoyne，A State of the Expedition from Canada as Laid Before the House of Commons by Lieutenant-General John Burgoyne&，2d ed.（London：J.Almon，1780），p.2.

53&．George Ⅲ to North，December 13，1776，Fortescue，The Correspondence of King George the Third&，3：406-7；Nickerson，The Turning Point of the Revolution&，p.81.

54&．Nickerson，The Turning Point of the Revolution&，pp.83-89 reproduces the “Thoughts.” Piers Mackesy，The War for America&1775-1783（1964；repr.Lincoln：University of Nebraska Press，1993），pp.58-59；John F．Luzader，Saratoga&：A Military History of the Decisive Campaign of the American Revolution&（New York：Savas Beatie，2008），p.18；Jane Clark，“Responsibility for the Failure of the Burgoyne Campaign，”American Historical Review&35，no.3（April 1930）：544；Hargrove，Gentleman John Bur-goyne&，p.95.

55&．“Extracts from General Burgoyne's Plan of the Campaign from the Side of Canada with the Remarks Thereon of George the Third，”in Fonblanque，Political and Military Episodes in the Latter Half of the Eighteenth Century&，pp.483-86；Burgoyne，“Thoughts for Conducting the War，from the Side of Canada，”in Cubbison，Burgoyne and the Saratoga Campaign&，pp.178-87，36，75.

56&．Mackesy，The War for America&，pp.115-16，142；Fonblanque，Political and Military Episodes in the Latter Half of the Eighteenth Century&，pp.486-87；Nickerson，The Turning Point of the Revolution&，p.90；Burgoyne to Fraser，May 6，1777，quoted in Eric Robson，The American Revolution in Its Political and Military Aspects&1763-1783（1955；repr.New York，Norton，1966），p.139；Clark，“Responsibility for the Failure of the Burgoyne Campaign，”pp.542-43，

57&．Burgoyne，A State of the Expedition&，pp.9，22；Hargrove，General John Burgoyne&，p.113；Howe to Carleton，April 5，1777，Historical Manuscripts Commission，Stopford-Sackville Manuscripts&，2：65-66.

58&．Burgoyne to General Harvey，May 19，1777，in Fonblanque，Political and Military Episodes in the Latter Half of the Eighteenth Century&，p.242；Valentine，Lord George Germain&，p.195.

59&．Burgoyne，A State of the Expedition&，p.10；Colin G．Calloway，The American Revolution in Indian Country&：Crisis and Diversity in Native American Communities（Cambridge：Cambridge University Press，1995），pp.85，72.

60&．Nelson，General Sir Guy Carleton&，p.119；Burgoyne，A State of the Expedition&，p.14提供的原始数据为250；Carleton to Burgoyne，May 29，1777，in Fonblanque，Political and Military Episodes in the Latter Half of the Eighteenth Century&，p.240。

61&．Baroness von Riedesel and the American Revolution&：Journal and Correspondence of a Tour of Duty&1776-1783, ed.Marvin L．Brown Jr.（Chapel Hill：University of North Carolina Press，1965）．

62&．Burgoyne，A State of the Expedition&，p.15；Hargrove，Gentleman John Burgoyne&，p.122；Christopher Hibbert，Redcoats and Rebels&：The American Revolution through British Eyes&（New York：Norton，1990），p.178.

63&．“Manifesto issued by Lieut.Genl Burgoyne，Camp at the River Bouquet，June 24，”in Cubbison，Burgoyne and the Saratoga Campaign&，pp.201-3.

64&．Burgoyne，A State of the Expedition&，p.10；“To the Indians in Congress at the Camp upon the River Bouquet June the 21st，1777，and their Answer，”in Cubbison，Burgoyne and the Saratoga Campaign&，pp.198-201.

65&．Fonblanque，Political and Military Episodes in the Latter Half of the Eighteenth Century&，p.243；Steuart，The Last Journals of Horace Walpole&，2：41.关于威廉•利文斯顿以“新泽西人”的名义撰写的讽刺小品，见 Philip Davidson，Propaganda and the American Revolution&1763-1783（Chapel Hill：University of North Carolina Press，1941），pp.379-80。

66&．This theme is discussed in Robert Glenn Parkinson，“Enemies of the People：The Revolutionary War and Race in the New American Nation”（Ph.D.diss.，University of Virginia，2005），pp.5-6.

67&．With Burgoyne from Quebec&：An account of the life at Quebec and of the famous battle of Saratoga.First published in&1789&as Volume One of Travels Through the Interior Parts of North America&，by Thomas Anburey&，ed.Sydney Jackman（Toronto：Macmillan，1963），pp.131-32.

68&．Hargrove，Gentleman John Burgoyne&，p.127；Davis，Where a Man Can Go&，p.65.

69&．Steuart，The Last Journals of Walpole&，2：42；Charles R．Ritcheson，British Politics and the American Revolution&（Norman：University of Oklahoma Press，1954），p.214.

70&．The earl of Derby to Germain，[August 1777]，in Fonblanque，Political and Military Episodes in the Latter Half of the Eighteenth Century&，pp.249-50；Washington to Schuyler，July 22，1777，quoted in Valentine，Lord George Germain&，p.222.

71&．Mintz，The Generals of Saratoga&，p.136；Carleton to Germain，June 26，1777，CO 42/36，PRO，ff.343-48，cited in Hargrove，General John Burgoyne&，p.124.

72&．Davis，Where a Man Can Go&，p.68；Burgoyne，A State of the Expedition&，p.60；Mintz，The Generals of Saratoga&，pp.156，163.

73&．Burgoyne，A State of the Expedition&，pp.17，18；Luzader，Saratoga&，pp.74-82提出有力的理由认为，湖泊通道在当时不会比陆路更好。

74&．Burgoyne，A State of the Expedition&，pp.21，269；Jackman，With Burgoyne from Quebec&，pp.152，154；Burgoyne，A State of the Expedition&，pp.77，128.

75&．Parkinson，“Enemies of the People，”pp.2-5；Lunt，John Burgoyne of Saratoga&，pp.175-77；Hargrove，General John Burgoyne&，p.151；Calloway，The American Revolution in Indian Country&，p.295.

76&．The American Rebellion&：Sir Henry Clinton's Narrative of His Campaigns&，1775-1782，ed.William B．Willcox（New Haven，Conn.：Yale University Press，1954），p.70.

77&．Burgoyne，A State of the Expedition&，pp.18，19，135.

78&．Ibid.，pp.19-20；Nickerson，The Turning Point of The Revolution&，pp.229，247，260，265；Luzader，Saratoga&，pp.103，111.

79&．Nickerson，The Turning Point of The Revolution&，pp.189，190；Hargrove，Gentleman John Burgoyne&，pp.155，156；Fonblanque，Political and Military Episodes in the Latter Half of the Eighteenth Century&，pp.274-75.

80&．Ibid.，pp.275-76.

81&．“Observations，memoranda and evidence upon General Burgoyne's expedition in 1777，”Historical Manuscripts Commission，Stopford-Sackville Manuscripts&，2：89；Burgoyne，A State of the Expedition&，pp.15-16.

82&．The Annual Register&，in Rebellion in America&：A Contemporary British Viewpoint&，1769-1783, ed.David H．Murdoch（Santa Barbara，Calif.：Clio Books，1979），p.705；Burgoyne，A State of the Expedition&，pp.62，68，23.

83&．Fonblanque，Political and Military Episodes in the Latter Half of the Eighteenth Century&，p.275；“Notes of General Burgoyne's Speech to the House of Commons，”May 26，1778，Historical Manuscripts Commission，Stopford-Sackville Manuscripts&，2：113；Brown，Baroness von Riedesel and the American Revolution&，p.47.

84&．W.J.Wood，Battles of the Revolutionary War&1775-1781，2d ed.（New York：Da Capo Press，2003），pp.132-72.

85&．Lamb，An Original and Authentic Journal of Occurrences During the Late American War&，pp.160-61.

86&．Burgoyne，A State of the Expedition&，pp.23，57，69，70，103，162，163；Jackman，With Burgoyne from Quebec&，pp.176-77.

87&．Burgoyne，A State of the Expedition&，p.166；Lamb，An Original and Authentic Journal of Occurrences During the Late American War&，p.166.

88&．Willcox，The American Rebellion&，pp.72，83；Fonblanque，Political and Military Episodes in the Latter Half of the Eighteenth Century&，pp.286-87.

89&．Nickerson，The Turning Point of The Revolution&，p.353；Lamb，An Original and Authentic Journal of Occurrences During the Late American&，p.163；Luzader，Saratoga&，pp.323-24；ibid.，pp.287-89，Luzader提出了一个否定阿诺德重要作用的有趣理由。伯戈因及其属下军官在A State of the Expedition&，pp.26，60中过誉阿诺德。

90&．Burgoyne，A State of the Expedition&，pp.169，170-71，172，173，174.

91&．Brown，Baroness von Riedesel and the American Revolution，ed.Brown，pp.55-56，59.

92&．Luzader，Saratoga&，pp.323-24.

93&．Lamb，An Original and Authentic Journal of Occurrences During the Late American War&，p.174；Nickerson，The Turning Point of the Revolution&，p.400；Luzader，Saratoga&，p.335.

94&．Jane Clark，“The Convention Troops and the Perfidy of Sir William Howe，”American Historical Review&37，no.4（July 1932）：721-22；Sampson，Escape in America，p.55.

95&．Ibid.，p.184；Kranish，Flight from Monticello&，pp.105-7，109-13；Philander D．Chase，“Years of Hardship and Revelations：The Convention Army at Albemarle Barracks 1779-1781，”Magazine of Albemarle County History&，no.41（1983）：9-53；Peter Nicolaisen，“Thomas Jefferson and Friedrich Wilhelm von Giesmar：A Transatlantic Friendship，”ibid.，no.64（2006）：1-27；Davis，Where a Man Can Go&，pp.101-2.

96&．Burgoyne to his nieces，October 20，1777，Burgoyne to Colonel Phillipson，October 20，1777 in Fonblanque，Political and Military Episodes in the Latter Half of the Eighteenth Century&，pp.316-17，313.

97&．Ibid.，pp.313-15；Wheatley，The Historical and Posthumous Memoirs of Sir Nathaniel William Wraxall&，p.47.

98&．Burgoyne，A State of the Expedition&，p.187；Hargrove，Gentleman John Burgoyne&，p.231.

99&．Hargrove，Gentleman John Burgoyne&，p.230；Burgoyne，A State of the Expedition&，pp.vii，122.

100&．Burgoyne to Lord Sydney，October 29，1784，in Fonblanque，Political and Military Episodes in the Latter Half of the Eighteenth Century&，p.439；Hargrove，Gentleman John Burgoyne&，p.259.

101&．Wheatley，The Historical and Posthumous Memoirs of Sir Nathaniel William Wraxall&，2：45-46；Hargrove，Gentleman John Burgoyne&，p.250.

102&．William Seymour，The Price of Folly&：British Blunders in the War of American Independence&（London：Brassey's，1995），pp.247-48.作者是约翰•福克斯•伯戈因（John Fox Burgoyne）的重孙辈。

103&．Hargrove，Gentleman John Burgoyne&，p.263；Lunt，John Burgoyne of Saratoga&，p.329；Fonblanque，Political and Military Episodes in the Latter Half of the Eighteenth Century&，pp.463-64，466.

104&．Burgoyne to Germain，August 20，in Fonblanque，Political and Military Episodes in the Latter Half of the Eighteenth Century&，pp.174-75；John Burgoyne，A Letter from Lieut.Gen.Burgoyne to his Constituents upon his Late Resignation with Correspondence between the Secretaries of War and him relative to his Return to America（London：J.Almon，1779），p.8.

105&．Burgoyne，A State of the Expedition&，pp.133-34，135.

106&．Ibid.，pp.140，152.

107&．Lunt，John Burgoyne of Saratoga&，p.273；Burgoyne，A State of the Expedition&，p.167；Burgoyne to Germain，August 20，1777，Burgoyne to Phillipson，October 20，1777m Fonblanque，Political and Military Episodes in the Latter Half of the Eighteenth Century&，pp.274，315-16；Lunt，John Burgoyne of Saratoga&，p.273.

108．Richard W．Van Alstyne，“Great Britain，the War of Independence，and the ‘Gathering Storm’ in Europe，1775-1778，”Huntingdon Library Quarterly&27，no.4（August 1964）：339-40，中认为，法国在获得萨拉托加之战的消息前，已经准备参战。转折点在1777年的9月，法国、西班牙和英国决定向西印度投入更多海军资源。

第五章

1&．A.F.Steuart，ed.，The Last Journals of Horace Walpole During the Reign of George&Ⅲ，2 vols.（London：John Lane，1910），2：208-9.

2&．其证词构成国会调查的组成部分，见John Almon and John Debrett，eds.，Parliamentary Register&；or History of the Proceedings and Debates of the House of Commons&，62 vols.（London：J.Debrett，1775-96），13：1-1539。了解调查的全部过程，从豪最初提议公开其与杰曼的通信，到6月30日终止，参见 ibid.，vols.10-12；William Cobbett and Thomas Hansard，eds.，The Parliamentary History of England from the Earliest Period to&1803，36 vols.（London：Hansard，1806-22），col.X；Alan Valentine，Lord North&，2 vols.（Norman：University of Oklahoma Press，1967），2：84；The History of Parliament&：The House of Commons&1754-1790，ed.Sir Lewis Namier and John Brooke，3 vols.（London：H.M.Stationery Office，1964），3：666；Steuart，The Last Journals of Horace Walpole&，2：208.；C.F.Adams，“Contemporary Opinion on the Howes，”Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society&3d ser.，44（November 1910），p.115。

3&．The Annual Register&，in Rebellion in America&：A Contemporary British Viewpoint&1765-1783，ed&.David H．Murdoch（Santa Barbara，Calif.：Clio Books，1979），p.694；Steuart，The Last Journals of Horace Walpole&，2：142，144.

4&．George Ⅲ to North [January 1778]，The Correspondence of King George the Third from&1760&to December&1783，ed.Sir John Fortescue，6 vols.（London：Macmillan，1927-28），4：13；Germain to North，May 12，1778，Historical Manuscripts Commission，Report on the Manuscripts of Mrs.Stopford-Sackville of Drayton House，Northamptonshire&，2 vols.（London：H.M.Stationery Office，1910），1：73；Steuart，The Last Journals of Horace Walpole&，2：143，67，172；Germain to North，September 13，1779，Historical Manuscripts Commission，Stopford-Sackville Manuscripts&，2：141；George H．Guttridge，“Lord George Germain in Office，1775-1782，”American Historical Review&，33，no.1（October 1927）：38.

5&．The Annual Register&，in Murdoch，Rebellion in America&，p.766；The Historical and Posthumous Memoirs of Sir Nathaniel William Wraxall&1772-1784, ed.Henry B．Wheatley，5 vols.（1836；repr.London：Bickers Son，1884），1：240；Memoirs of Richard Cumberland&：London&1806，ed.Henry Flanders，（1856；repr.New York：Richard Bloom，1969），pp.232，233.

6&．Edmond G．P.Fitzmaurice，Life of William Earl of Shelburne afterwards First Marquis of Lansdowne with Extracts of his Papers and Correspondence&，3 vols.（London：Macmillan，1875-76），1：362，363；Richard Cumberland，Character of the Late Lord Viscount Sackville&（London：C.Dilly，1785），p.4；Wheatley，The Historical and Posthumous Memoirs of Sir Nathaniel William Wraxall&，1：385.

7&．Cumberland，Character of the Late Lord Viscount Sackville&，pp.3-4，7，9，11；Wheatley，The Historical and Posthumous Memoirs of Sir Nathaniel William Wraxall&，1：208，385.

8&．Namier and Brooke，The History of&Parliament&，3：390，394.

9&．Wheatley，The Historical and Posthumous Memoirs of Sir Nathaniel William Wraxall&，1：388-89，366；Troy Bickham，Making Headlines&：The American Revolution as Seen through the British Press&（DeKalb：Northern Illinois University Press，2009），p.95.

10&．Cumberland，Character of the Late Lord Viscount Sackville&，p.18；Piers Mackesy，The Coward of Minden&；The Affair of Lord George Sackville&（London：Alan Lane，1979），p.29；Alan Valentine，Lord George Germain&（Oxford：Oxford University Press，1962），pp.13，39，42.

11&．Gerald S．Brown，“The Court Martial of Lord George Sackville，Whipping Boy of the Revolutionary War，”William and Mary Quarterly&，3d ser.，9，no.3（July 1952）：325；Richard Middleton，The Bells of Victory&：The Pitt-Newcastle Ministry and the Conduct of the Seven Years' War&1757-1762（Cambridge：Cambridge University Press，1985），p.130.

12&．Steuart，The Last Journals of Horace Walpole&，2：223；Brown，“The Court Martial of Lord George Sackville，”pp.326，333；Brendan Simms，Three Victories and a Defeat&：The Rise and Fall of the First British Empire&，1714-1783（New York：Basic Books，2007），p.452.

13&．Mark Urban，Fusiliers&：The Saga of a British Redcoat Regiment in the American Revolution&（New York：Walter，2007），p.8；Valentine，Lord George Germain&，p.46；Steuart，The Last Journals of Horace Walpole&，2：47；Horace Walpole，Memoirs of the Reign of King George&Ⅲ，ed.Derek Jarrett，4 vols.（New Haven，Conn.：Yale University Press，2000），4：211-12.

14&．Steuart，The Last Journals of Horace Walpole&，2：541，8，180.

15&．Ibid.，1：47，326，328，2：48，61；Wheatley，The Historical and Posthumous Memoirs of Sir Nathaniel William Wraxall&，1：326，383；The Diary and Letters of His Excellency Thomas Hutchinson&，Esq&.，ed.Peter Orlando Hutchinson，2 vols.（New York：Burt Franklin，1971），January 25，1775，2：11；entry in diary of Judge Oliver，December 1，1776，ibid.，2：12，120.

16&．Cumberland，Character of the Late Lord Viscount Sackville&，p.3；Steuart，The Last Journals of Horace Walpole&，2：75，80；The Annual Register&，in Murdoch，Rebellion in America&，p.53；Steuart，The Last Journals of Horace Walpole&，2：81.

17&．Mackesy，The Coward of Minden&，pp.254，258；Kathleen Wilson，The Sense of the People&：Politics&，Culture and Imperialism in England&，1715-1785（Cambridge：Cambridge University Press，1998），p.220.

18&．Steuart，The Last Journals of Horace Walpole&，2：91；Valentine，Lord George Germain&，pp.19-20，286.

19&．Mackesy，The Coward of Minden&，pp.254-55；Cumberland，Character of the Late Lord Viscount Sackville&，p.5；Flanders，Memoirs of Richard Cumberland&，p.203.

20&．Mackesy，The Coward of Minden&，p.256.

21&．The Journal of Samuel Curwen&，Loyalist&，ed.Andrew Oliver，2 vols.（Boston：Harvard University Press，1972），2：758；Hutchinson，Diary and Letters of Thomas Hutchinson&，2：184，289，339.

22&．Thompson to Sackville，August 16，1785，Historical Manuscripts Commission，Stopford-Sackville Manuscripts&，1：255-56；

23&．Mackesy，The Coward of Minden&，p.33；Gibbon To J．B.Holroyd，August 20，1774，in&The Letters of Edward Gibbon&，ed.J.E.Norton，3 vols.（New York：Macmillan，1956），2：26；Lady North to North's father，London，November 10，1775，in Edward Hughes，“Lord North's Correspondence，1766-83，”English Historical Review&64，no.243（April 1947）：228.

24&．Guttridge，“Lord George Germain in Office，”p.24；P.D.G.Thomas；The Townshend Duties Crisis&：The Second Phase of the American Revolution&1767-1773（Oxford：Oxford University Press，1987），p.21；Germain to Irwin，February 18，1767，Historical Manuscripts Commission，Stopford-Sackville Manuscripts&，1：119；R.C.Simmons and P．D.G Thomas，eds.，Proceedings and Debates of the British Parliaments Respecting North America&1754-1783，March 9，1774，6 vols.（Millwood，N.Y.：Kraus International，1982-86），6：50；Valentine，Lord George Germain&，pp.23-24.

25&．Simmons and Thomas，Proceedings and Debates of British Parliaments Respecting North America&1754-1788，March 28，1774，6：148-49，151-52；May 2，1774，ibid.，p.360；Namier Brooke，The History of Parliament&，3：395；Simmons and Thomas，Proceedings and Debates of British Parliaments Respecting North America&1754-1788，January 26，1775，5：309-10.

26&．GibbonTo J．B.Holroyd.November 4，1776，in Norton，The Letters of Edward Gibbon&，2：120.

27&．Steuart，The Last Journals of Horace Walpole&，2：389.

28&．Ibid.，1：510；Germain to General Irwin，June 13，1775，Historical Manuscripts Commission，Stopford-Sackville Manuscripts&，1：135；Ira Gruber，“Lord Howe and Lord George Germain，British Politics and the Winning of American Independence，”William and Mary Quarterly&，3d ser.，22，no.2（April 1965）：229；Steuart，The Last Journals of Horace Walpole&，2：49；Ira D．Gruber，The Howe Brothers and the American Revolution&（Chapel Hill：University of North Carolina Press，1972），p.83；Piers Mackesy，“British Strategy in the War of American Independence，”in&Essays on the American Revolution&，ed.David L．Jacobson（New York：Holt，Rinehart and Winston，1970），p.172；P.D.G.Thomas，Tea Party to Independence&：The Third Phase of the American Revolution&1773-1776（Oxford：Clarendon Press，1991），p.286.

29&．Gruber，“Lord Howe and Lord George Germain，British Politics and the Winning of the American Independence，”p.229；The Annual Register&，in Murdoch，Rebellion in America&，pp.353，368.

30&．Germain to Lord Suffolk，June 16 or 17，1775，Historical Manuscripts Commission，Stopford-Sackville Manuscripts&，2：2；Germain to Clinton，January 3，1781，CO 5/101 no.76，PRO.

31&．Germain to General Irwin，July 26，1775，September 13，1775，Historical Manuscripts Commission，Stopford-Sackville Manuscripts&，2：136，137.

32&．Paul David Nelson，General Sir Guy Carleton&，Lord Dorchester&：Soldier-Statesman of Early British Canada&（Teaneck，N.J.：Fairleigh Dickinson University Press，2000），pp.63-64，86-87，90，95.

33&．Germain to Carleton，March 26，1777，Historical Manuscripts Commission，Stopford-Sackville Manuscripts&，2：60；Nelson，General Sir Guy Carleton&，Lord Dorchester&，pp.88，91-92，107；Hoffman Nickerson，The Turning Point of The Revolution&，or Burgoyne in America&（1928；repr.Cranbury，N.J.：The Scholar's Bookshelf，2005），p.94；Thomas，Tea Party to Independence&，p.289；Alfred L．Burt，“The Quarrel Between Germain and Carleton：An Inverted Story，”Canadian Historical Review11（September 1930）：202-22.

34&．Guttridge，“Lord George Germain in Office，”pp.35，36.

35&．Dr.Benjamin Moseley，M.D.，A Treatise on Tropical Diseases&；on Military Operations&；and on the Climate of the West-Indies&（London：T.Cadell，1789），p.130；Germain to Vaughan，February 8，1780，CO.318/6，PRO.

36&．H.M.Scott，British Foreign Policy in the Age of the American Revolution&（Oxford：Oxford University Press，1990），pp.312-13；Clifford D．Conner，Colonel Despard：The Life and Times of an Anglo-Irish&Rebe/（Conshohocken，Pa.：Combined Publishing，2000）；Sir Charles Oman，The Unfortunate Colonel Despard and Other Studies（New York：Burt Franklin，1922）；Peter Linebaugh and Marcus Rediker，The Many-Headed Hydra&：Sailors&，Slaves&，Commoners&，and the Hidden History of the Revolutionary Atlantic&（Boston：Beacon Press，2000），pp.249-86；Tom Pocock，The Young Nelson in the Americas&（London：Collins，1980）；Joseph J．Gallo，Nelson in the Caribbean&：The Hero Emerges&，1784-1787（Annapolis，Md.：Naval Institute Press，2003）．

37．Charles Stedman，The History of the Origin&，Progress&，and Termination of the American War&，2 vols.（London：J.Murray，J.Debrett and J．Kerby，1794），2：169-75.

38&．Moseley，A Treatise on Tropical Diseases&，122.

39&．关于外交背景，参见Scott，British Foreign Policy in the Age of the American Revolution&，pp.71-72。

40&．Dalling to Germain，February 4，1780，September 12，1779，April 26，1780，CO 137/76，f.194，CO 137/75，f.176，CO 137/77，f.141，PRO.

41&．Dalling to Germain，February 7，1780，CO 137/77，f.20，PRO.

42&．Germain to Dalling，June 17，1779，February 2，1780，January 4，1780，March 1，1780，Germain Papers，WLCL，vols.18，f.68，11（unfoliated），18，f.116，vol.12（unfoliated）．

43&．St.James's Chronicle&，December 18-21，1779；Royal Gazette&（New York），June 24，1780；New York Gazette and Weekly Mercury&，June 26，1780；Moseley，A Treatise on Tropical Diseases&，p.129；Dalling to Germain，February 4，1780，CO 137/76，f.196，PRO.

44&．Minutes of the Assembly of Jamaica，December 15，1780，CO 140/59，PRO；Piers Mackesy，The War for America&1775-1783（1964；repr.Lincoln：University of Nebraska Press，1993），pp.334-37；Dalling to Germain，July 2，1780，CO 137/78，f.168，PRO.

45&．Dalling to Germain，February 4，1780，CO 137/77 PRO；Moseley，A Treatise on Tropical Diseases&，p.123；Dalling to Germain，February 4，1780，CO 137/76，f.194，PRO；Captain John Polson to Dalling，April 30，1780，CO，137/77，ff.158-60；Dalling to Germain，June 23，1780，CO 137/78，PRO.

46&．“Kemble's Journal 1780，”in&The Kemble Papers&，2 vols.（New York：New-York Historical Society，1885），2：4；John Polson to Dalling，April 30，1780，CO 137/77，f.160，PRO；Kemble to Capt.Dixon，September 18，1780，November 26，1780，Kemble Papers&，2：306，352.

47&．Dalling to Germain，February 7，1780，CO 137/77，PRO.

48&．“Kemble's Journal 1780，”Kemble Papers&，2：24，31；Moseley，A Treatise on Tropical Diseases&，p.133；Sir John Fortescue，The War of Independence&：The British Army in North America&，1775-1783，introd.John Shy（abridged ed.，1911；London：Greenhill Books，2001），pp.196-97；“Kemble's Journal 1780，”Kemble Papers&，2：36；John Hunter，Observations on the Diseases of the Army in Jamaica&，3d ed.（London：T.Payne，1808），pp.20，48.

49&．Germain to Dalling，December 7，1780，CO 137/78，f.335，PRO；J.Barton Starr，Tories&，Dons&，and Rebels&：The American Revolution in British West Florida（Gainesville：University Press of Florida，1976），pp.1，141，143，144-45，160，173-74，190-92，211.

50&．Germain to Clinton，March 8，1778，Historical Manuscripts Commission，Stopford-Sackville Manuscripts&，2：99；Germain to Clinton，January 23，1779，CO 5/97，PRO；Germain to North，September 13，1779，Historical Manuscripts Commission，Stopford-Sackville Manuscripts&，2：142；Gruber，The Howe Brothers andthe American Revolution&，pp.215，220-21；John Shy，A People Numerous and Armed&：Reflections on the Military Struggle for American Independence&，rev.ed.（Ann Arbor：University of Michigan Press，2000），p.203.

51&．11 June 1779 in Namier and Brooke，The History of Parliament&，3：395；Germain to Clinton，August 3，1779，CO 5/98，PRO；ibid.，Historical Manuscripts Commission，Stopford-Sackville&，2：135；Namier and Brooke，The History of&Parliament&，3：390.

52&．Stuart to Clinton，January 1779，A Prime Minister and His Son&：From the Correspondence of the Third Earl of Bute and of Lt.Gen.The Hon.Sir Charles Stuart&，K.B.，ed.The Hon.Mrs.E.Stuart Wortley&（London：John Murray，1925），p.146.

53&．Twilight of British Rule in Revolutionary America&：The New York Letter Book of General James Robertson&1780-1783，ed.Milton M．Klein and Ronald W．Howard（Cooperstown，N.Y.：New York State Historical Association，1983），pp.7，40.

54&．Flanders，Memoirs of Richard Cumberland&，p.291；Mary Beth Norton，The British-Americans&：The Loyalist Exiles in England&1774-1789（Boston：Little，Brown，1972），pp.153-54；Leland J．Bellot，William Knox&：The Life and Thought of an Eighteenth-Century Imperialist&（Austin：University of Texas Press，1977），pp.113，146；163-64；Margaret Specter，The American Department of the British Government&1768-1782（New York：Columbia University Press，1940），pp.38，136.

55&．Germain to Clinton，March 31，1779，CO 5/97，PRO；James Simpson to Clinton，May 15，1780，in “James Simpson's Reports on the Carolina Loyalists，1779-1780，”ed.Alan S．Brown，Journal of Southern History&21，no.4（November 1955）：518-19；Shy，A People Numerous and Armed&，pp.207，230，235.

56&．The Annual Register&，January 20，1775，in Murdoch，Rebellion in America&，p.212；Gibbon to J．B.Holroyd，May 3，1777，in Norton，The Letters of Edward Gibbon&，3：140；The Annual Register&，February 2，1778，February 11，1778，November 28，1778，in Murdoch，Rebellion in America&，pp.436，535，562，567，540.

57&．The Annual Register&，November 28，1778，in Murdoch，Rebellion in America&，p.540.

58&．Ibid.，May 1779，May 3，1779，pp.698，704.

59&．Germain to Clinton，March 8，1778，CO 5/95，PRO；Same to Same，September 27，Historical Manuscripts Commission，Stopford-Sackville Manuscripts&，2：144.

60&．Thomas Paine，“The Crisis Number 1，”in&The American Crisis&，introd.Andrew S．Trees（New York：Barnes Noble，2010），p.1；James Kirby Martin and Mark Edward Lender，A Respectable Army&：The Military Origins of the Republic&，1763-1789（Wheeling，Ill.：Harlan Davidson，2006），pp.68，89，206；Shy，A People Numerous and Armed&，pp.127，128-29.

61&．约翰•亚当斯初于1775年对大陆会议作出有关评论，战后在1815年12月12日致Jedediah Morse的信件中重复了这一估计。Adams to Jedediah Morse，December 22，1815，The Works of John Adams&，Second President of the United States&：With a Life of the Author&，ed.Charles Francis Adams，10 vols.（Boston：Little，Brown and Company，1850-56），10：194；Don Cook，The Long Fuse&：How England Lost the American Colonies&，1760-1785（New York：Atlantic Monthly Press，1995），p.325；Paul H．Smith，“The American Loyalists：Notes on Their Organization and Numerical Strength，”William and Mary Quarterly&，3d ser.，25，no.2（April 1968）：260.威廉•史密斯似乎没有意识到亚当斯1815年的信函，Richard Bernstein引起了我对该信的关注。Historical Memoirs of William Smith&1778-1783，ed.W.H.W.Sabine，2 vols.（New York：New York Times，1971），1：380.

62&．Ruma Chopra，Unnatural Rebellion&：Loyalists in New York City During the Revolution&（Charlottesville：University of Virginia Press，2011），pp.136-37，199；Paul H．Smith，Loyalists and Redcoats&：A Study in British Revolutionary Policy&（Chapel Hill：University of North Carolina Press，1964），p.60；Smith，“The American Loyalists，”pp.266，267，268，269；William H．Nelson，The American Tory&，2d ed.（Boston：Northeastern University Press，1992），pp.87，92，115.

63&．Germain to Clinton，December 3，1778，CO 5/96，PRO；Clinton to Germain，May 5，1779，CO 5/97，PRO；Don Higginbotham，The War of American Independence&：Military Attitudes&，Policies&，and Practices&1763-1789（1971；repr.Boston：Northeastern University Press，1983），p.138；Shy，A People Numerous and Armed&，p.201.

64&．Stephen Brumwell，Redcoats：The British Soldier and the War in the Americas&，1755-1763（Cambridge：Cambridge University Press，2002），p.117；Fred Anderson，A People's Army&：Massachusetts Soldiers and Society in the Seven Years' War&（London：Norton，1984），pp.111-42；Smith，Loyalists and Redcoats&，pp.74，78；Nelson，The American Tory&，pp.143，144；Shy，A People Numerous and Armed&，pp.130，193.

65&．Smith，Loyalists and Redcoats&，p.60.有历史学家认为美国建国者曾被迫接受极端政策，详见 Michael McDonnell，The Politics of War&：Race&，Class&，and Conflict in Revolutionary Virginia&（Chapel Hill：University of North Carolina Press，2007）；Woody Holton，Forced Founders&：Indians&，Debtors&，and the Making of the American Revolution in Virginia&（Chapel Hill：University of North Carolina Press，1999）；Terry Boulton，Taming Democracy&（Oxford：Oxford University Press，2007）；and Gary B．Nash，The Unknown American Revolution&：The Unruly Birth of Democracy and the Struggle to Create America&（New York：Viking，2005）。这也是Edward B．Countryman and Alfred F．Young作品中的重要主题。

66&．Germain to Carleton，July 10，1777，in&The Manuscripts of Captain Howard Vincente Knox&（From Volume VI of&“Reports on Manuscripts from Various Collections&”&Prepared by the Historical Manuscripts Commission Great Britain&）（1909；repr.Boston：Gregg Press，1972），p.132；Ritcheson，British Politics and the American Revolution&，p.242；Germain to Irwin，February 3，1778，Historical Manuscripts Commission，Stopford-Sackville Manuscripts&，1：139；Colonel Charles Stuart to Sir Henry Clinton，January 1779，in Wortley，A Prime Minister and His Son&，p.146.

67&．Higginbotham，The War of American Independence&，pp.123，124；Stephen Conway，“British Governments and the Conduct of the American War，”in&Britain and the American Revolution&，ed.H.T.Dickinson（London：Addison Wesley Longman，1998），p.175；Ritcheson，British Politics and the American Revolution&，p.209；Stephen Conway，“The Recruitment of Criminals into the British Army，1775-81，”Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research&57（1985）：46-58.

68&．Stephen Conway，“The Politics of British Military and Naval Mobilization，1775-83，”English Historical Review&112，no.449（November 1997）：1181，1182-83，1192，1195，1201；P.J.Marshall，The Making and Unmaking of Empires&：Britain&，India and America c&．1750-1783（Oxford：Oxford University Press，2005），p.237；Mackesy，The War for America&，p.368；Valentine，Lord George Germain&，pp.146，337，339；Paul David Nelson，General James Grant&：Scottish Soldier and Royal Governor of East Florida&（Gainesville：University Press of Florida，1993），p.136；Sylvia Frey，The British Soldier in America&（Austin：University of Texas Press，1981），p.37；David Patrick Geggus，Slavery&，War&，and Revolution&：The British Occupation of Saint Domingue&，1793-1798（Oxford：Oxford University Press，1982），p.363；Hunter，Observations on the Diseases of the Army in Jamaica&，pp.11，37，47，58，60；Mackesey，The War for&America，pp.368，526；Roger Norman Buckley，The British Army in the West Indies&：Society and the Military in the Revolutionary Age&（Gainesville：University Press of Florida，1998），pp.60，104，210，218，219，229，237；The Diary of the Revd.William Jones&1777-1821，ed.O.F.Christie（London：Brentano's，1929），pp.64-65.

69&．Thomas，Tea Party to Independence&，p.320；Germain to William Knox，November 1，1778，The Manuscripts of&Captain Howard Vincente Knox&，p.180.

70&．Gerald S．Brown，“The Anglo-French Naval Crisis：A Study of Conflict in the North Cabinet，”William and&Mary Quarterly&，3d ser.，13，no.1（January 1956）：16-17；Mackesy，The War for America&，p.451.

71&．Edward E．Curtis，The Organization of the British Army in the American Revolution&（New Haven，Conn.：Yale University Press，1926），p.120；R.Arthur Bowler，Logistics and the Failure of the British Army in America&1775-1783（Princeton，N.J.：Princeton University Press，1975），p.20.

72．Curtis，The Organization of the British Army in the American Revolution&，p.132；Paul E．Kopper-man，“The British High Command and Soldiers' Wives in America，1755-1783，”Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research&60，no.241（Spring 1982）：20，22；Bowler，Logistics and the Failure of the British Army in America，p.9；Colin G．Calloway，The American Revolution in Indian Country&：Crisis and Diversity in Native American Communities&（Cambridge：Cambridge University Press，1995），pp.135，137，147-48.

73&．Bellot，William Knox&，pp.107，150，162；Specter，The American Department of the British Government&，pp.30，34，48；R.Arthur Bowler，“Logistics and Operations in the American Revolution，”in&Reconsiderations on the Revolutionary War&：Selected Essays&，ed.Don Higginbotham（Westport，Conn.：Greenwood Press，1978），p.66.

74&．Cumberland，Character of the Late Lord Viscount Sackville&，pp.5，14；Wheatley，The Historical and Posthumous Memoirs of Sir Nathaniel William Wraxall&，1：386-87；memorandum by Burgoyne，in&Political and Military Episodes in the Latter Half of the Eighteenth Century&：Derived from the Life and Correspondence of the Right H．John Burgoyne&，General&，Statesman&，Dramatist&，ed.Edward Barrington De Fonblanque（London：Macmillan，1876），p.126；Flanders，Memoirs of Richard Cumberland&，p.201.

75&．Specter，The American Department of the British Government&，p.34；Fortescue，The War of Independence&，pp.191-92.

76&．The Annual Register&，in Murdoch，Rebellion in America&，p.326；Bowler，“Logistics and Operations in the American Revolution，”pp.66，67.

77&．Bowler，“Logistics and Operations in the American Revolution，”pp.66，70；R.A.Bowler，“Sir Henry Clinton and Army Profiteering：A Neglected Aspect of the Clinton-Cornwallis Controversy，”William and Mary Quarterly&，3d ser.，31，no.1（January 1974）：111-23；Bowler，Logistics and the Failure of the British Army in America&，p.148.

78&．David S．Reid，“An Analysis of British Parliamentary Opinion on American Affairs at the Close of the War of Independence，”Journal of Modern History&18，no.3（September 1946）：214-15；Andrew O'shaughnessy，“The Formation of a Commercial Lobby：The West India Interest，British Colonial Policy and the American Revolution，”Historical Journal&40，no.1（1997） 71-95；O'shaughnessy，“The West India Interest and the Crisis of American Independence，”in&West Indies Accounts：Essays on the British Caribbean and the Atlantic Economy in Honour of Richard Sheridan&，ed.Roderick A．McDonald（Kingston：University of the West Indies Press，1996），pp.126-49.

79&．Wheatley，The Historical and Posthumous Memoirs of Sir Nathaniel William Wraxall&，2：231.

80．E.Wayne Carp，To Starve the Army at Pleasure&：Continental Army Administration and American Political Culture&，1775-1783（Chapel Hill：University of North Carolina Press，1984），pp.68，72，106；Germain to Clinton，March 1781，CO 5/iai，no.81，PRO.

81&．Richard Buel Jr.“Samson Shore：The Impact of the Revolutionary War on Estimates of the Republic's Strength，”in&Arms and Independence&：The Military Character of the American Revolution&，ed.Ronald Hoffman and Peter J．Albert（Charlottesville：University of Virginia Press，1984），pp.149-50；Higginbotham，The War of American Independence&，pp.403-5；Charles Royster，A Revolutionary People at War&：The Continental Army and American Character&，1775-1783（Chapel Hill：University of North Carolina Press，1979），pp.48，71，86，131，300；Carp，To Starve the Army at Pleasure&，pp.78，97，173，18081，184，220.

82&．Germain to Clinton，April 4，1781，CO 5/101，PRO；Germain to Major General John Vaughan，4 April，1781，July 4，1781，CO 318/8，ff.103，127，PRO；Germain to Clinton，August 2，1781，CO 5/102，PRO.

83&．Wheatley，The Historical and Posthumous Memoirs of Sir Nathaniel William Wraxall&，p.146；memorandum，in Lord George Germain's handwriting，on American Affairs in Historical Manuscripts Commission，Stopford-Sackville Manuscripts&，2：216，218-19.

84&．Ian R．Christie，The End of North's Ministry&，1780-1782（London：，1958），pp.275，276；Wheatley，The Historical and Posthumous Memoirs of Sir Nathaniel William Wraxall&，pp.157-58，159-60，161.

85&．Christie，The End of North's Ministry&，pp.290，292；Steuart，The Last Journals of Horace Walpole&，2：396.

86&．Wheatley，The Historical and Posthumous Memoirs of Sir Nathaniel William Wraxall&，pp.17678；Walpole，The Last Journals of Horace Walpole&，ed.Steuart，2：400.

87&．“The Removal of Lord George Germain，”The Manuscripts of Captain Howard Vincente Knox&，pp.272-76；Steuart，The Last Journals of Horace Walpole&，p.400；Fitzmaurice，Life of William&，Earl of Shelburne&，3：125-29；Cumberland，Character of the Late Lord Viscount Sackville&，p.20；Steuart，The Last Journals of Horace Walpole&，p.400；Valentine，Lord George Germain&，p.457；Wheatley，The Historical and Posthumous Memoirs of Sir Nathaniel William Wraxall&，pp.178-79.

88&．Wheatley，The Historical and Posthumous Memoirs of Sir Nathaniel William Wraxall&，1：385-386；Flanders，Memoirs of Richard Cumberland&，pp.322-23.

89&．Flanders，Memoirs of Richard Cumberland&，p.323.

90&．Ibid.，pp.326-27.

91&．Ibid.，pp.329；Cumberland，Character of the Late Lord Viscount Sackville&，pp.22-23.

第六章

1&．下文的描述见印发于1779年的The Annual Register，“庆功宴的细节来自一封驻费城英国官员发往伦敦的通信”，Rebellion in America&：A Contemporary British Viewpoint&1765-1783，ed.David H．Murdoch（Santa Barbara，Calif.：Clio Press，1979），pp.621-25予以复述。另见John Peebles的American War&：The Diary of a Scottish Grenadier&，1776-1782，ed.Ira Gruber（Mechanicsburg，Pa.：Stackpole Books，1998），pp.180-83。

2&．牛津大学圣彼得学院的Nicholas Cole指出两处英文来自Horace，Epistles 2 and Satires 1.6。

3&．约翰•安德烈少校选择了服饰，关于他的介绍详见Robert McConnell Hatch，Major John André&：A Gallant in Spy's Clothing&（Boston：Houghton mifflin，1986），p.99。其他庆功宴的细节见上注，pp.99-105.

4&．Ibid，p.103.“繁星点点”的用语也见于The Annual Register的描述。

5&．O'Hara to Grafton，November 1，1780，in “Letters of Charles O'Hara to the Duke of Grafton，”ed.George C．Rogers Jr.，South Carolina Historical Magazine&65，no.3（July 1964）：162；Armstrong Starkey，“War and Culture，a Case Study：The Enlightenment and the Conduct of the British Army in America，1755-1781，”War and Society&8（May 1990）：17-18；Linda Colley，Britons&：Forging the Nation&1707-1837（New Haven，Conn.：Yale University Press，1992），p.147；Piers Mackesy，The War for America&1775-1783（1964；repr.Lincoln：University of Nebraska，1992），p.4，认为独立战争是“旧制度时代的最后一次大战”。Stephen Conway，The War of American Independence&1775-1783（London：Edward Arnold，1995），p.xi，认为冲突是一种新形态战争，特别是从美国人的角度看。

6&．The Annual Register&，in Murdoch，Rebellion in America&，p.563；Troy Bickham，Making Headlines&：The American Revolution as Seen through the British Press（DeKalb：Northern Illinois University Press，2009），p.108.Paul David Nelson，General James Grant&：Scottish Soldier and Royal Governor of East Florida（Gainesville：University Press of Florida，1993），p.131；Charles Stuart to Lord Bute，October 7，1778 in&A Prime Minister and His Son&：From the Correspondence of the Third Earl of Bute and of Lt&.-Gen.The Hon.Charles Stuart&，K.B&.，ed.The Hon.Mrs.E.Stuart Wortley（London：John Murray，1925），p.139；Don Higginbotham，The War of American Independence&：Military Attitudes&，Policies&，and Practices&1763-1789（1971；repr.Boston：Northeastern University Press，1983），p.125；William John Hale to Admiral Hale，April 2，1778，in Walter Harold Wilkin，Some British Soldiers in America&（1914；repr.Milton Keynes：General Books，2010），p.114.

7&．The House of Commons，November 20，1778，The Annual Register&，in Murdoch，Rebellion in America&，pp.525-26.

8&．Manifesto and Proclamation of the Commissioners，October 8，1778，Proceedings of the British Commissioners at Philadelphia&，1778-9：Partly in Ferguson's Hand&，ed.Yasuo Amoh，Darren Lingley，and Hiro Aoki（Kyoto：Kakenhi Supplemental Project Research Report，Kyoto University，2007），pp.146-47；Protest of the Lords，December 7，1778，The Annual Register&，in Murdoch，Rebellion in America&，pp.631-32，735.

9．Anthony J．Scotti，Jr.&Brutal Virtue&：The Myth and Reality of Banastre Tarleton&（Westminster，Md.：Heritage，2007），p.92；Stephen Conway，“To Subdue America：British Army Officers and the Conduct of the Revolutionary War，”William and Mary Quarterly&，3d ser.，48，no.3（July 1986） 382-83，393，398，399，404-5；Scotti，Brutal Virtue&，pp.47，132；Paul H．Smith，Loyalists and Redcoats&：A Study in British Revolutionary Policy&（Chapel Hill：University of North Carolina Press，1964），p.115.

10&．Marvin Stern，Thorns and Briars&：Bonding Love and Death&1764-1870（New York：Foundation of Thanatology，1986），pp.Ⅷ，3，5，6，7.

11&．The American Rebellion&：Sir Henry Clinton's Narrative of His Campaigns&，1775-1782,&with an Appendix of Original Documents&，ed.William B．Willcox（New Haven，Conn.：Yale University Press，1954），p.84；The Diary and Letters of His Excellency Thomas Hutchinson&，Esq&.，ed.Peter Orlando Hutchinson，2 vols.（New York：Burt Franklin，1971），February 30，1777，2：181；Willcox，The American Rebellion&，pp.85，107；Robert K．Wright Jr.，“‘Nor Is Their Standing Army to Be Despised’：The Emergence of the Continental Army as a Military Institution，”in&Arms and Independence&：The Military Character of the American Revolution&，ed.Ronald Hoffman and Peter J．Albert（Charlottesville：University of Virginia Press，1968），pp.69-71；Charles Royster，A Revolutionary People at War&：The Continental Army and American Character&，1775-1783（Chapel Hill：University of North Carolina Press，1979），pp.211，216，218，219.

12&．Willcox，The American Rebellion&，p.119；Clinton to Germain，July 27，1778，September 15，1778，CO 5/96，PRO；Willcox，The American Rebellion&，p.209；Charles R．Ritcheson，British Politics and the American Revolution&（Norman：University of Oklahoma Press，1954），pp.257，156.

13&．William B．Willcox，“British Strategy in America，1778，”Journal of Modern History&19，no.2（June 1947）：109；Willcox，The American Rebellion&，pp.106-7；Stephen Conway，The War of American Independence&1775-1783（London：Edward Arnold，1995），pp.103，108，157；Piers Mackesy，The War for America&1775-1783（1964；repr.：University of Nebraska Press，1992），pp.221，232；David Syrett，The Royal Navy in American Waters&1775-1783（Aldershot：Scolar Press，1989），pp.115，118；Eric Robson，The American Revolution in Its Political and Military Aspects&1763-1783（1955；repr.New York：Norton，1966），pp.192，193-94，105，206，209-10，212.

14&．Cornwallis to Germain，June 17，1779，CO/5/96，PRO；Willcox，The American Rebellion&，p.107；Mackesy，The War for America&，pp.244-45.

15&．William B．Willcox，Portrait of a General&：Sir Henry Clinton in the War of Independence&（New York：Knopf，1964），pp.xiv-xv，44；Historical Memoirs of William Smith&1778-1783，ed.W.H.W.Sabine，2 vols.（New York：New York Times，1971），2：92；Willcox，The American Rebellion&，p.203；Mackesy，The War for America&，p.268；Frederick Wyatt and William B．Willcox，“Sir Henry Clinton：A Psychological Exploration in History，”William and Mary Quarterly&，3d ser.，16（January 1959）：3-26.

16&．Bickham，Making Headlines&，p.197.

17&．Ira D．Gruber，Books and the British Army in the Age of the American Revolution&（Chapel Hill：University of North Carolina Press，2010），pp.3-4，10，44，73-78；Gruber，“The Education of Sir Henry Clinton，”Bulletin of the John Rylands University Library of Manchester&72（1990）：133，135，139，140-41，145.笔记没有和克林顿其他位于密歇根安娜堡（Ann Arbor）克莱蒙特图书馆的笔记放在一起。1958年，它们被存在约翰•赖兰德图书馆，Gruber于1986年首次参考这批文件。

18&．Willcox，Portrait of a General&，pp.36，64.

19&．Ibid.，p.46.

20&．Eric Robson，“The Expedition to the Southern Colonies，1775-1776，”English Historical Review&66（October 1951）：539；Willcox，Portrait of a General&，p.68；Elizabeth Gray Vining，Flora MacDonald&：Her Life in the Highlands and in America&（London：Geoffrey Bles，1967）；Vining，“Flora Macdonald（1722-1790）：A Loyalist from the Scottish Highlands，”in&Loyalist Mosaic&：A Multi-ethnic Heritage&，ed.Joan Magee（Toronto：Dundurn Press，1984），pp.137-55.

21&．Smith，Loyalists and Redcoats&，p.24.

22&．Willcox，“British Strategy in America，1778，”pp.157-59.

23&．Willcox，The American Rebellion&，p.92；Paul David Nelson，William Tryon and the Course of Empire&：A Life in the British Imperial Service&（Chapel Hill：University of North Carolina Press，1990），pp.154-55.

24&．Willcox，The American Rebellion&，p.85；Willcox，“British Strategy in America，”p.168；Willcox，Portrait of a General&，p.20.

25&．Clinton to Germain，May 2，1778，CO/5/96，PRO；Willcox，“British Strategy in America”，pp.20i，i09.

26&．Memo of conversation，February 7，1776，Clinton Papers，WLCL，quoted in Scotti，Brutal Virtue&，p.132；Sir Henry Clinton，“Account of his conversation with Germain，”April 7，1777，Clinton Papers，WLCL，vol.20，f.47；Smith，Loyalists and Redcoats&，p.91；Clinton to Germain，June 9，1781，CO 5/102，no.130，PRO；Willcox，The American Rebellion&，pp.528-29.

27&．Clinton to Germain，August 25，1780，CO 5/100，PRO；Willcox，Portrait of a General&，pp.126，127，831.

28&．Clinton to Germain，June 5，1778，CO/5/96，PRO；John W．Jackson，With the British Army in Philadelphia&1777-1778（San Rafael，Calif.：Presidio Press，1979），pp.259-60；Clinton to Germain，July 5，1778，CO/5/96，PRO；Johann von Ewald，Diary of the American War&：A Hessian Journal&，trans.and ed.Joseph Tustin（New Haven，Conn.：Yale University Press，1979），p.132；Brendan Morrissey，Monmouth Courthouse&1778：The Last Great Battle in the North&（Botley：Osprey Publishing，2004），pp.11，32-33，35；Willard M．Wallace，Appeal to Arms&：A Military History of the American Revolution&（New York：Harper，1951），p.190.

29&．Willcox，The American Rebellion&，p.91；Gruber，John Peebles' American War&，p.193；Clinton to Germain，July 5，1778，CO/5/96，PRO；John William Hale to Admiral Hale，July 1778，in Wilkin，Some British Soldiers in America&，p.118.

30&．Morrissey，Monmouth Courthouse&1778，p.69.Willcox，The American Rebellion&，p.97；Germain to Clinton，September 2，1778，CO/5/96，PRO；Howard H．Peckham，The War for Independence&，rev.ed.（Chicago：University of Chicago Press，1979），p.97；Morrissey，Monmouth Courthouse&1778，p.76.

31&．Clinton to Germain，July 27，1778，CO/5/96，PRO；Ewald，Diary of the American War&，p.140；Charles Stedman，The History of the Origin&，Progress&，and Termination of The American War&，2 vols.（London：J.Murray，J.Debrett and J．Kerby，1794），2：34-37.

32&．Clinton to Germain，October 8，1778，CO/5/96，PRO；Willcox，Portrait of a General&，p.270.

33&．Willcox，Portrait of a General&，p.242；Clinton to Germain，New York，October 8，1778，CO/5/96，PRO，also printed in the appendix to Willcox，The American Rebellion&，p.97.

34&．Willcox，Portrait of a General&，pp.242，252；Germain to Clinton，1778，December 3，1778，CO/5/96，PRO.

35&．Germain to Clinton，March 8，1778，in Historical Manuscripts Commission，Report on the Manuscripts of Mrs.Stopford-Sackville of Drayton House&，Northamptonshire，2 vols.（London：H.M.Stationery Office，1910），2：97-100；Ira Gruber，“Britain's Southern Strategy，”in&The Revolutionary War in the South&：Power&，Conflict，and Leadership&，ed.W.Robert Higgins（Durham，N.C.：Duke University Press，1979），pp.220-21；Willcox，The American Rebellion&，p.127；Clinton to Germain，April 4，1779，Historical Manuscripts Commission，Stopford-Sackville Manuscripts&，2：124-25.

36&．Mackesy，The War for America&，p.368.

37&．William B．Willcox，“Sir Henry Clinton：Paralysis of Command，”in&George Washington's Generals and Opponents&，ed.George Athan Billias，2 vols.in 1（1964，1969；repr.New York：Da Capo Press，1994），2：100 n．8；Conway，The War of American Independence&，p.158；Jonathan R．Dull，The French Navy and American Independence：A Study of Arms and Diplomacy&，1774-1787（Princeton，N.J.：Princeton University Press，1975），pp.359-76；R.Arthur Bowler，“Logistics and Operations in the American Revolution，”in&Reconsiderations on the Revolutionary War&：Selected Essays&，ed.Don Higginbotham（Westport，Conn.：Greenwood Press，1978），p.67.

38&．R.Arthur Bowler，Logistics and the Failure of the British Army in America&1775-1783（Princeton，N.J.：Princeton University Press，1975），pp.98，109-32，245；David Syrett，Shipping and the American War&1775-83：A Study of British Transport Organisation&（London：Athlone Press，1970），p.157.

39&．Clinton to Germain，August 20，1779，CO 5/98，PRO；Sabine，Historical Memoirs of William Smith&1778-1783，2：173，157，177；Ewald，Diary of the American War&，pp.159-60，178；Bruce Ingham Granger，Political Satire in the American Revolution&1763-1783（Ithaca，N.Y.：Cornell University Press，1960），pp.185-88；Hutchinson，Diary and Letters of Thomas Hutchinson&，November 24，1779，2：298.

40&．Conway，The War of American Independence&，p.150；Mackesy，The War for America&，p.314.

41&．Matthew H．Spring，With Zeal and Bayonets Only&：The British Army on Campaign in North America&1775-1783（Norman：University of Oklahoma Press，2008），p.14.The real threat posed by Washington to Clinton in New York in 1779 is the subject of recent research by the editors of the George Washington Papers.See Benjamin Lee Huggins，“‘A Speedy and Decisive Effort’：George Washington's Prospective 1779 Campaign Against New York，”paper presented to the 78th Annual Meeting of the Society for Military History，Lisle，Ill.，June 11，2010；William M．Ferraro，“Active，Aggressive and Aware：George Washington's Response to the Raids on Connecticut，July 1779，”ibid.

42&．Clinton to Germain，May 5，1779，CO5/97，PRO；Same to Same June 18，1779，CO/5/98，PRO；Ewald，Diary of the American War&，p.168；Philip Morgan and Andrew Jackson O'shaughnessy，“Arming Slaves in the American Revolution，”in&Arming Slaves from Classical Times to the Modern Age&，ed.Christopher Leslie Brown and Philip Morgan（New Haven，Conn.：Yale University Press，2006），p.190.

43&．Clinton to Germain，November 4，1779，CO/5/98，PRO；Nelson，William Tryon and the Course of Empire&，pp.169-73；Clinton to Germain，June 18，1779，CO 5/98，no.58，PRO；Willcox，The American Rebellion&，p.140.

44&．Clinton to Germain，August 21，1779，CO/5/98，no.69；Arbuthnot to Sandwich，September 29，1779，The Private Papers of John&，Earl of Sandwich&，First Lord of the Admiralty&1771-1782，ed.G.R.Barnes and J．H.Owen，4 vols.（London：Navy Records Society，1932-38），3：134.

45&．Clinton to Germain，May 22，1779，CO/5/97，PRO；Sabine，Historical Memoirs of William Smith&1778-1783，2：452；Willcox，The American Rebellion&，pp.127，155.

46&．Colonel Stuart to Lord Bute，August 1779，in Wortley，A Prime Minister and his Son&，p.49；Germain to Clinton，December 3，1778，Clinton Papers，vol.47，f.32，WLCL.

47&．Willcox，The American Rebellion&，pp.189，363.

48&．Ewald，Diary of the American War&，pp.196，225，227，238-39；Willcox，Portrait of a General&，p.306.

49&．Royster，A Revolutionary People at War&，p.282；Willcox，The American Rebellion&，p.171；George Smith McCowen Jr.，The British Occupation of Charleston&，1780-82（Columbia：University of South Carolina Press，1972），p.10.

50&．McCowen，The British Occupation of Charleston&，pp.52-55；Willcox，The American Rebellion&，pp.174-75，181.

51&．Mary Beth Norton，The British-Americans&：The Loyalist Exiles in England&1774-1789（Boston：Little，Brown，1972），p.33；Sabine，Historical Memoirs of William Smith&，2：295；Willcox，The American Rebellion&，p.166；Sabine，Historical Memoirs of William Smith&，2：390；Robson，The American Revolution in Its Political and Military Aspects&，p.145.

52&．Willcox，Portrait of a General&，p.86.

53&．Willcox，The American Rebellion&，p.163.

54&．Sabine，Historical Memoirs of William Smith&，p.201；Willcox，Portrait of a General&，p.160；Clinton to Germain，October 29，1779，CO 5/98，PRO.

55&．Willcox，The American Rebellion&，pp.183，184；Sabine，Historical Memoirs of William Smith&，2：498.

56&．Thomas Fleming，The Forgotten Victory&：The Battle for New Jersey&-1780（New York：Reader's Digest Press，1973）；Twilight of British Rule in Revolutionary America&：The New York Letter Book of General James Robertson&1780-1783，ed.Milton M．Klein and Ronald W．Howard（Cooperstown，N.Y.：New York State Historical Association，1983），pp.55，59.

57&．Bowler，Logistics and the Failure of the British Army in America&，p.13.

58&．Clinton to Germain，August 25，1780，CO/5/100，PRO；Willcox，The American Rebellion&，p.203；Mackesy，The War for America&，p.439；Syrett，Shipping and the American War&，pp.157，228.

59&．Mackesy，The War for America&，p.350；Roger Lamb，An Original and Authentic Journal of Occurrences During the Late American War from Its Commencement to the Year1783（Dublin：Wilkinson Courtney，1809），p.81.

60&．Carl Van Doren，Secret History of the American Revolution&（1941；repr.Clinton，N.J.：Augustus M．Kelley，1973），p.375.

61&．Clinton to Germain，October 11，1780，CO/5/100，PRO；Hatch，Major John Andr&，p.203；Sabine，Historical Memoirs of William Smith&，2：300，334.Clinton's account of the episode is contained in a “Narrative” enclosed in his letter to Germain.

62&．Hatch，Major John Andr&，p.82.

63&．Roger Kaplan，“British Intelligence OperationsDuring the American Revolution，”William and Mary Quarterly&，3d ser.，47，no.1（January 1990）：121，123，124；Hatch，Major John Andr&，pp.156-58.

64&．Willcox，The American Rebellion&，p.217；Lamb，An Original and Authentic Journal of Occurrences Duringthe Late American War&，pp.329，332-33；Ewald，Diary of the American War&，p.250；Sarah Knott，Sensibility and the American Revolution&（Chapel Hill：University of North Carolina Press，2009），pp.159，161.

65&．Hatch，Major John Andr&，pp.269，273-74；Knott，Sensibility and the American Revolution，p.156.

66&．Hatch，Major John Andr&，p.276；Willcox，The American Rebellion&，p.218.

67&．Van Doren，Secret History of the American Revolution&，p.394.

68&．Germain to Clinton，October 13，1780，CO/5/100，PRO；Stanley Weintraub，Iron Tears&：America's Battle for Freedom&，Britain's Quagmire&，1775-1783（New York：Simon and Shuster，2005），p.202；Sabine，Historical Memoirs of William Smith&，2：347；Judith L．Van Buskirk，Generous Enemies&：Patriots and Loyalists in Revolutionary New York&（Philadelphia：University of Pennsylvania Press，2002），p.30；Christopher Hibbert，Redcoats and Rebels&：The American Revolution through British Eyes&（New York：Norton，1990），pp.59-60，

69&．Willcox，The American Rebellion&，p.294.

70&．Ibid.，p.209；Cornwallis to Clinton，August 6，1780，The Cornwallis Papers&：The Campaigns of&1780&and&1781&in the Southern Theatre of the American Revolutionary War&，ed.Ian Saberton，6 vols.（Uckfield：Naval Military Press，2010），1：175-79.

71&．O'Hara to Grafton，November 15，1780，in Rogers，“Letters of Charles O'Hara to the Duke of Grafton，”p.169.

72&．Clinton to Germain，April 23，1781，CO/5/101，PRO；Cornwallis to Clinton，April 10，1781，CO/5/101，PRO；William B．Willcox，“The British Road to Yorktown：A Study in Divided Command，”American Historical Review&52，no.1（October 1946）：15；Sabine，Historical Memoirs of William Smith&，2：417；Willcox，“The British Road to Yorktown，”pp.12，15；Clinton to Germain，April 23，1781，CO/5/101，PRO；Clinton to Germain，May 18，1781，CO/5/101，PRO；Willcox，“Sir Henry Clinton：Paralysis of Command，”p.86.From the fall of Charleston，Clinton's letters repeatedly emphasized the importance of adequate naval support.

73&．Willcox，“Sir Henry Clinton：Paralysis of Command，”pp.91-92；Clinton to Cornwallis，July 15，1781，Cornwallis to Clinton，July 27，1781，Clinton to Cornwallis，August 2，1781，CO 5/103，PRO.

74&．Randolph G．Adams，“A View of Cornwallis's Surrender at Yorktown，”American Historical Review&37，no.1（October 1931）：30，31，36.

75&．William B．Willcox，“Rhode Island in British Strategy，1780-81，”Journal of Modern History&17，no.4（December 1945）：320；Ewald，Diary of the American War&，p.295.

76&．Germain to Clinton，April 4，1781，CO 5/101，no.83，PRO；Adams，“A View of Cornwallis's Surrender at Yorktown，”p.34.

77&．Ibid.，pp.25-26，37，39.

78&．Don Cook，The Long Fuse&：How England Lost the American Colonies&，1760-1785（New York：Atlantic Monthly Press，1995），p.347.

79&．Willcox，Portrait of a General&，p.447.伦敦关于克林顿意图和康华里决斗的谣言被记录在The Last Journals of Horace Walpole During the Reign of George&Ⅲ，ed.A.F.Steuart，2 vols.（London：John Lane，1910），2：377，402。

80&．Edward Gibbon to Sir Henry Clinton [December 1782]，The Letters of Edward Gibbon&，ed.J.E.Norton，3 vols.（New York：Macmillan，1956）.3：31；Willcox，Portrait of a General&，pp.480，481；Howard H．Peckham，“Sir Henry Clinton's Review of Simcoe's Journal，”William and Mary Quarterly&，2d ser.，21，no.4（October 1941）：367.

81&．Willcox，Portrait of a General&，p.406.

82&．Sir Henry Clinton to William Henry，duke of Gloucester，April 24，1780，Clinton Papers，vol.254，f.40，WLCL；Willcox，Portrait of a General&，pp.471-72.

83&．Nelson，General James Grant&，p.156；Peckham，“Sir Henry Clinton's Review of Simcoe's Journal，”p.367.

84&．Steuart，The Last Journals of Horace Walpole&，2：402；Willcox，Portrait of a General&，p.485.

85&．Maya Jasanoff，Liberty's Exiles&：American Loyalists in the Revolutionary World&（New York：Knopf，201l），pp.287-88.

86&．Stern，Thorns and Briars&，pp.ix，31.

87&．Willcox，Portrait of a General，p.490；Ewald，Diary of the American War&，pp.337，338.

第七章

1&．Paul H．Smith，Loyalists and Redcoats&：A Study in British Revolutionary Policy&（Chapel Hill：University of North Carolina Press，1964），p.98：“政府越来越不依赖军队，它成为没有依据的报告的牺牲品，报告称美国人的抵抗正在瓦解”；ibid.，p.163.

2&．John Ferling，“John Adams，Diplomat，”William and Mary Quarterly&，3d ser.，51，no.2（April 1994）：239，240；Ferling，Setting the World Ablaze&：Washington，Adams&，Jefferson&，and the American Revolution&（New York：Oxford University Press，2000），pp.216-17；Thomas Fleming，The Perils of Peace&：America's Struggle for Survival after Yorktown&（New York：Harper Collins，2007），p.79.

3&．James Kirby Martin，“A ‘Most Undisciplined，Profligate Crew’：Protest and Defiance in the Continental Ranks，1776-1783，”in&Arms and Independence&：The Military Character of the American Revolution&，ed.Ronald Hoffman and Peter J．Albert（Charlottesville：University of Virginia Press，1984），pp.134-36；James Kirby Martin and Mark Edward Lender，A Respectable Army&：The Military Origins of the Republic&，1763-1789（Wheeling，Ill.：Harlan Davidson，2006），pp.161-63；E.Wayne Carp，To Starve the Army at Pleasure&：Continental Army Administration and American Political Culture&，1775-1783（Chapel Hill：University of North Carolina Press，1984），p.68；Fleming，The Perils of Peace&，p.107；William B．Willcox，Portrait of a General&：Sir Henry Clinton in the War of Independence&（New York：Knopf，），p.393；Marcus Cunliffe，George Washington&：Man and Monument&（London：Collins，1959），p.97.

4&．Historical Memoirs of William Smith&1778-1783, ed.W.H.W.Sabine，2 vols.（New York：New York Times，1971），2：144，200-201；Frank and Mary Wickwire，Cornwallis and the War of Independence&（London：Faber and Faber，1971），pp.7-8；John Peebles' American War&：The Diary of a Scottish Grenadier&，1776-1782，ed.Ira Gruber，（Mechanicsburg，Pa.：Stackpole Books，1998），p.287.

5&．Quoted in Wickwire and Wickwire，Cornwallis and the War of Independence&，1：115；Ira Gruber，“British Strategy：The Theory and Practice of Eighteenth-Century Warfare，”in&Reconsiderations on the Revolutionary War&：Selected Essays&，ed.Don Higginbotham（Westport，Conn.：Greenwood，1978），p.15；Cornwallis to Thomas Townshend，September 2，1758，in&Correspondence of Charles&，First Marquis Cornwallis&，ed.Charles Ross，3 vols.（London：John Murray，1859），1：7；Wickwire and Wickwire，Cornwallis and the War of Independence&，pp.38-39.

6&．Wickwire and Wickwire，Cornwallis and the War of Independence&，pp.27-28.

7&．Ibid.p.46.

8&．Lord North to George Ⅲ [November 26，1775]，The Correspondence of King George the Third from&1760&to November&1783，ed.Sir John Fortescue，6 vols.（London：Macmillan，1927-28），3：294-95；“The House Debates Whether to Continue the War，”November 9，1780，in&The American Revolution as Described by British Writers and The Morning Chronicle and London Advertiser&，ed.Elizabeth R．Miller（Bowie，Md.：Heritage Books，1991），p.31；The Historical and Posthumous Memoirs of Sir Nathaniel William Wraxall&1772-1784，ed.Henry B．Wheatley，5 vols.（1836；repr.London：Bickers Son，1884），1：265；The Last Journals of Horace Walpole During the Reign of George&Ⅲ，ed.A.F.Steuart，2 vols.（London：John Lane，1910），2：338；Benton Rain Patterson，Washington and Cornwallis&：The Battle for America&，1775-1783（New York：Taylor Trade Publishing，2004），p.50；Cornwallis to Vice Admiral Arbuthnot，June 29，1780，in&The Cornwallis Papers&：The Campaigns of&1780&and&1781&in the Southern Theatre of the American Revolutionary War&，ed.Ian Saberton，6 vols.（Uckfield：Naval Military Press，2010），1：159.

9&．Quoted in Hugh F．Rankin，“Charles Lord Cornwallis：Study in Frustration，”George Washington's Generals and Opponents&：Their Exploits and Leadership&，ed.George Athan Billias，2 vols.in 1（1964，1969；repr.New York：Da Capo Press，1994），2：204；Steuart，The Last Journals of Horace Walpole&，1：498；Rankin，“Charles Lord Cornwallis：Study in Frustration，”in Billias，George Washington's Generals and Opponents&.，2：194.康华里配偶的名字在各种参考书中的拼写都不一样。这里采用牛津国家传记（Oxford Dictionary of National Biography&）字典中的拼写。

10&．Matthew H．Spring，With Zeal and Bayonets Only&：The British Army on Campaign in North America&，1775-1783（Norman：University of Oklahoma Press，2008），pp.105，116；Stephen Brumwell，Redcoats&：The British Soldier and War in the Americas&，1755-1763（Cambridge：Cambridge University Press，2002），pp.113，119，127；Ian S．Hallows，Regiments and Corps of the British Army&（London：New Orchard Edition，1994），pp.194-95.

11&．Rankin，“Charles Lord Cornwallis：Study in Frustration，”p.197；The American Rebellion&.：Sir Henry Clinton's Narrative of His Campaigns&，1775-1782，ed.William B．Willcox（New Haven，Conn.：Yale University Press，1954），p.60.

12&．Quoted in Wickwire and Wickwire，Cornwallis and the War of Independence&，p.116；The Diary and Letters of His Excellency Thomas Hutchinson&，Esq&.，ed.Peter Orlando Hutchinson，2 vols.（New York：Burt Franklin，1971）.2：231.

13&．Steuart，The Last Journals of Horace Walpole&，2：91；March 9，1779；Hutchinson，Diary and Letters of Thomas Hutchinson&，2：257；Richard Pares，King George&Ⅲ&and the Politicians&（Oxford：Clarendon Press，1953），p.57；Hutchinson，Diary and Letters of Thomas Hutchinson&，2：201-2；Clinton to Germain，August 20，1779，in Ross，Correspondence of Charles&，First Marquis Cornwallis&1：40.

14&．Quoted in Wickwire and Wickwire，Cornwallis and the War of Independence&，p.109.

15&．Ross，Correspondence of Charles&，First Marquis of Cornwallis&，1：14.

16&．Quoted in Wickwire and Wickwire，Cornwallis and the War of Independence&，p.115.

17&．Willcox，The American Rebellion&，p.65；Wickwire and Wickwire，Cornwallis and the War of Independence&，p.122.

18&．Willcox，The American Rebellion&，p.184.

19&．Michael Pearson，Those Damned Rebels&：The American Revolution as Seen Through British Eyes&（New York：Da Capo Press，1972），p.334；John Mollo and Malcolm McGregor，Uniforms of the American Revolution&（Poole：Blandford Press，1985），p.211；David Mannings，Sir Joshua Reynolds&：A Complete Catalogue of His Paintings&，2 vols.（New Haven，Conn.：Yale University Press，2000），1：439-40.

20&．Lieutenant-Colonel Banastre Tarleton，A History of the Campaigns of&1780&and&1781&in the Southern Provinces of North America&（1787；repr.Cranbury，N.J.：The Scholar's Bookshelf，2005），p.32.

21&．Ibid.，p.31；Anthony J．Scotti Jr.，Brutal Virtue&：The Myth and Reality of Banastre Tarleton&（Westminster，Md.：Heritage Books，2007），pp.102，103-4.For the battle of Waxhaws see ibid.，pp.173-80.

22&．Gruber，“British Strategy，”p.29；Cornwallis to Germain，August 21，1780，Historical Manuscripts Commission，Report on the Manuscripts of Mrs.Stopford-Sackville of Drayton House&，Northamptonshire&，2 vols.（London：H.M.Stationery Office，1910），2：180.本书的描述建基于巴纳斯特•塔尔顿的回忆录，另外当代的参考文献也基本支持他的描述。详见Tarleton，A History of the Campaigns of&1780&and&1781&in the Southern Provinces of North America&，pp.104-10。

23&．Roger Lamb，An Original and Authentic Journal of Occurrences During the Late American War&，p.305；Howard H．Peckham，The War for Independence&，rev.ed.（Chicago：University of Chicago Press，1979），p.147；Don Higginbotham，“Reflections on the War of Independence，Modern Guerrilla Warfare，and the War in Vietnam，”in Hoffman and Albert，Arms and Independence&，p.23.

24&．Cornwallis to Lieut.Colonel Cruger，August 18，1780，in Saberton，The Cornwallis Papers&，2：19；Cornwallis to Clinton，August 29，1780，ibid.，pp.41-42；Washington to Clinton，October 16，1780，ibid.，3：17-18；Clinton to l Washington，October 23，1780，ibid.，pp.19-20；Cornwallis to Clinton，December 4，1780，ibid.，pp.27-28；Cornwallis to Clinton，January 18，1781，CO 5/101，PRO；Smith，Loyalists and Redcoats&，p.146.

25&．John Shy，A People Numerous and Armed&：Reflections on the Military Struggle for American Independence&，rev.ed.（Ann Arbor：University of Michigan Press，200），pp.187，208；Scotti，Brutal Virtue&，p.209，refers to Cornwallis's “ambiguous stance on terror”；Tarleton，A History of the Campaigns of&1780&and&1781&in the Southern Provinces of North America&，p.90.

26&．Russell F．Weigley，The Partisan War&：The South Carolina Campaign of&1780-1782（Columbia：University of South Carolina Press，1970），p.13.

27&．一名前北美殖民地王家总督的请愿书勾勒了发动一场南方战役的益处。详见南方殖民地总督们关于军事行动可行性请愿的附件，Howe to Germain，July 16，1777，CO 5/94，PRO。

28&．Willcox，The American Rebellion&，p.294；Smith，Loyalists and Redcoats&，pp.156-57.

29&．Lawrence E．Babits and Joshua B．Howard，Long&，Obstinate&，and Bloody&：The Battle of Guilford Courthouse&（Chapel Hill：University of North Carolina Press，2009），p.29.

30&．John E．Selby，The Revolution in Virginia&1775-1783（1988；repr.Charlottesville，Va.：University of Virginia Press，2007），pp.187-88；Colin G．Calloway，The American Revolution in Indian Country&：Crisis and Diversity in Native American Communities&（Cambridge：Cambridge University Press，1995），pp.197-98，203，204；Hugh Bicheno，Rebels and Redcoats&：The American Revolutionary War&（New York：Harper Collins，2003），p.200.

31&．Willcox，The American Rebellion&，pp.230，228；Lord Rawdon to the Hon.Major General Leslie，October 24，1780，Historical Manuscripts Commission，Stopford-Sackville Manuscripts&，2：185.关于英国政府的南方战略，见Germain to Clinton，March 8，1778，ibid.，pp.97-100。

32&．Rankin，“Charles Lord Cornwallis：Study in Frustration，”p.205.

33&．W.J.Wood，Battles of the Revolutionary War&1775-1781，2d.ed.（New York：Da Capo Press，2003），p.190.

34&．Ibid.；Rankin，“Charles Lord Cornwallis：Study in Frustration，”p.208；Wood，Battles of the Revolutionary War&，pp.194-95.

35&．Quoted in Rankin，“Charles Lord Cornwallis：Study in Frustration，”p.208；Peckham，The War for Independence&，p.149.

36&．Rawdon to Clinton，October 29，1780，CO 5/101，PRO；Tarleton，A History of the Campaigns of&1780&and&1781&in the Southern Provinces of North America&，p.171；Weigley，The Partisan War&，pp.15，23，55.

37&．Don Higginbotham，The War of American Independence&：Military Attitudes&，Policies&，and Practices&1763-1789（1971；repr.Boston：Northeastern University Press，1983），p.362；Cornwallis to Clinton，January 6，1781.in Saberton，The Cornwallis Papers&，pp.33-34.

38&．For the relative numbers at the Battle of Cowpens，see Spring，With Zeal and Bayonets Only&，p.285 n．27；Don Higginbotham，“Daniel Morgan：Guerrilla Fighter，”in Billias，George Washington's Generals and Opponents&，1：292-93.

39&．Willard M．Wallace，Appeal to Arms&：A Military History of the American Revolution&（New York：Harper，1951），p.234.

40&．Rankin，“Charles Lord Cornwallis：Study in Frustration，”p.210；Peckham，The War for Independence&，p.152；Cornwallis to Rawdon，January 21，1781，in Saberton，The Cornwallis Papers&，3：251；Selby，The Revolution in Virginia&，p.226.

41&．Lamb，An Original and Authentic Journal of Occurrences During the Late American War&，p.381；John Buchanan，The Road to Guilford Courthouse&：The American Revolution in the Carolinas&（New York：Wiley，1997），p.367；O'Hara to Grafton，April 20，1781，“Letters of Charles O'Hara to the Duke of Grafton，”ed.George C．Rogers Jr.，South Carolina Historical Magazine&65，no.3（July 1964）：174；Lieutenant-General Sir Henry Clinton，Observations on Some Parts of the Answer of Earl Cornwallis to Sir Henry Clinton's Narrative&（1783；repr.Cranbury，N.J.：The Scholar's Bookshelf，2005），p.6.

42&．Babits and Howard，Long&，Obstinate&，and Bloody&，p.36；Spring，With Zeal and Bayonets Only&，pp.47-48；O'Hara to Grafton，April 20，1781，in Rogers，“Letters of Charles O'Hara to the Duke of Grafton，”p.174.

43&．Lamb，An Original and Authentic Journal of Occurrences During the Late American War&，p.345；Tarleton，A History of the Campaigns of&1780&and&1781&in the Southern Provinces of North America&，p.226.

44&．Cornwallis to Tarleton，December 18，1780，Saberton，The Cornwallis Papers&，3：352；Tarleton，A History of the Campaigns of&1780&and&1781&in the Southern Provinces of North America&，p.169；Roger Kaplan，“British Intelligence Operations During the American Revolution，”William and Mary Quarterly&，3d ser.，47，no.1（January 1990）：130；O'Hara to Grafton，April 20，1781，Rogers，“Letters of Charles O'Hara to the Duke of Grafton，”p.176；Tarleton，A History of the Campaigns of&1780&and&1781&in the Southern Provinces of North America&，p.231.

45&．O'Hara to Grafton，January 6，1781，Rogers，“Letters of Charles O'Hara to the Duke of Grafton，”p.171；Smith，Loyalists and Redcoats&，pp.74-75，139，142.

46&．Cornwallis to Germain，April 18，1781，in Saberton，The Cornwallis Papers&，4：106；Cornwallis to Clinton，April 23，1781，ibid.，pp.112-13；O'Hara to Grafton，April 20，1781，Rogers，“Letters of Charles O'Hara to the Duke of Grafton，”p.177；Shy，A People Numerous and Armed&，p.211.

47&．Buchanan，The Road to Guilford Courthouse&，p.364.

48&．Tarleton，A History of the Campaigns of&1780&and&1781&in the Southern Provinces of North America&，p.233；Willcox，The American Rebellion&，p.206.

49&．Piers Mackesy，The War for America&1775-1783（1964；repr.Lincoln：University of Nebraska Press，1993），p.406；Stephen Conway，The War of American Independence1775-1783（London：Edward Arnold，1995），pp.123-24；Buchanan，The Road to Guilford Courthouse&，p.374；Babits and Howard，Long&，Obstinate&，and Bloody&，pp.xiv，122，126，159，161-62，207.

50&．Walpole to William Mason，June 14，1781，quoted in Stanley Weintraub，Iron Tears&：America's Battle for Freedom&，Britain's Quagmire&，1775-1783（New York：Free Press，2005），p.275；O'Hara to Grafton，April 20，1781，Rogers，“Letters of Charles O'Hara to the Duke of Grafton，”pp.177-78；Tarleton，A History of the Campaigns of&1780&and&1781&in the Southern Provinces of North America&，pp.277，217-18；Babits and Howard，Long&，Obstinate&，and Bloody&，p.175.

51&．Clinton，Observations on Some Parts of the Answer of Earl Cornwallis to Sir Henry Clinton's Narrative&，pp.9-10；Smith，Loyalists and Redcoats&，p.153：康华里于3月18日发布声明，内容被Smith称为“最后一次三心二意地寻求支持”。Wickwire and Wickwire，Cornwallis and the War of Independence&，p.315.

52&．Tarleton，A History of the Campaigns of&1780&and&1781&in the Southern Provinces of North America&，pp.209，210；Wickwire and Wickwire，Cornwallis and the War of Independence&，p.285；O'Hara to Grafton，November 6，1780，Rogers，“Letters of Charles O'Hara to the Duke of Grafton，”p.168.

53&．Mackesy，The War for America&，p.391；Wheatley，The Historical and Posthumous Memoirs of Sir Nathaniel William Wraxall&，2：89-90，105.

54&．Wheatley，The Historical and Posthumous Memoirs of Sir Nathaniel William Wraxall&，2：125；Ian R．Christie，The End of North's Ministry&，1780-1782（London：Macmillan，1958），pp.263-64.

55&．Troy Bickham，Making Headlines&：The American Revolution as Seen through the British Press&（DeKalb：Northern Illinois University Press，2009），pp.154-55，156；Mary Beth Norton，The British-Americans&：The Loyalist Exiles in England&1774-1789（Boston：Little，Brown，1972），p.170.

56&．Cornwallis to Clinton，April 10，1781，Saberton，The Cornwallis Papers&，4：111；Cornwallis to Germain，April 18，1781，ibid.，p.106；Cornwallis to Major General Phillips，April 10，1781，ibid.，pp.114-15；Selby，The Revolution in Virginia&，p.131；Gregory J．W.Urwin，“Cornwallis in Virginia：A Reappraisal，”Military Collector&&Historian&37，no.3（Fall 1985）：118.

57&．Selby，The Revolution in Virginia&，pp.131，211，213；Michael A．McDonnell，Race and Conflict in Revolutionary Virginia&（Chapel Hill：University of North Carolina Press，2007），pp.318，340，434，460-61，3.McDonnell以萌芽阶段的阶级战争为背景解释分裂，并形容弗吉尼亚是一个“同时进行内战与对英战争的社会”，ibid.，pp.342-44；Dumas Malone，Jefferson the Virginian&，vol.1 of&Jefferson and His Time&（Boston：Little Brown，1948），p.260。

58&．Tarleton，A History of the Campaigns of&1780&and&1781&in the Southern Provinces of North America&，pp.294，295.

59&．Ibid.，p.297.Monticello的原始设计和今天硬币上的形象不同，但某些原始房间得到保留，包括图书馆和内室。Michael Kranish，Flight from Monticello&：Thomas Jefferson at War&（New York：Oxford University Press，2010），pp.275-82；Scotti，Brutal Virtue&，pp.172，97；Tarleton，A History of the Campaigns of&1780&and&1781&in the Southern Provinces of North America&，p.297.

60&．Selby，The Revolution in Virginia&，pp.282-83，315；Francis D．Cogliano，Thomas Jefferson&：Reputation and Legacy&（Charlottesville：University of Virginia Press，2006），pp.62-64.

61&．Cogliano，Thomas Jefferson&，pp.64-65.

62&．Malone，Jefferson the Virginian&，pp.390，445；Kranish，Flight from Monticello&，pp.287-88；Cassandra Pybus，Epic Journeys of Freedom&：Runaway Slaves of the American Revolution and Their Global Quest for Liberty&（Boston：Beacon Press，2006），pp.48，54，105；Pybus，“Jefferson's Faulty Math：The Question of Slave Defections in the American Revolution，”William and Mary Quarterly&，3d ser.，62，no.2（April 2005）：243，245-46；John R．Maas，“‘The Greatest Terror’：Cornwallis Brings His Campaign to Goochland，June 1781，”Goochland County Historical Society Magazine&41（2009）：55-56.

63&．Buchanan，The Road to Guilford Courthouse&，p.20；Rodney Atwood，The Hessians&：Mercenaries from Hessen-Kassel in the American Revolution&（Cambridge：Cambridge University Press，1980），p.165；John A．Tilley，The British Navy and the American Revolution&（Columbia：University of South Carolina Press，1987），p.111；Tarleton，A History of the Campaigns of&1780&and&1781&in the Southern Provinces of&North America&，pp.89-90.

64&．Pybus，“Jefferson's Faulty Math，”pp.254，256，258；Johann von Ewald，Diary of the American War&：A Hessian&Journal&，trans.and ed.Joseph Tustin（New Haven，Conn.：Yale University Press，1979），p.305.

65&．Pybus，Epic Journeys of Freedom&，pp.148，150；Pybus，“Jefferson's Faulty Math，”pp.249，261，263-64；Elizabeth A．Fenn，Pox Americana&：The Great Smallpox Epidemic of&1775-82（New York：Hill and Wang，2001），pp.130-31；George F．Tyson Jr.，“The Carolina Black Corps：Legacy of Revolution，”Revista&/Review Interamericana&5（Winter 1975-76）：648-63；Roger Norman Buckley，Slaves in Red Coats&：The British West India Regiments&，1795-1815（New Haven，Conn.：Yale University Press，1979）．Cassandra Pybus认为下书中提供的逃奴人数过高，Sylvia Frey，Water From the Rock&：Black Resistance in a Revolutionary Age&（Princeton，N.J.：Princeton University Press，1993），p.211 n．22。

66&．O'Hara to Grafton，November 1，1780，Rogers，“Letters of Charles O'Hara to the Duke of Grafton，”p.160；Buchanan，The Road to Guilford Courthouse&，p.359；Cornwallis to Phillips，April 10，1781，Saberton，The Cornwallis Papers&，4：114-15；Willcox，The American Rebellion&，pp.270-71，308.

67&．Cornwallis to Rawdon，July 23，1781，Saberton，The Cornwallis Papers&，6：62-63.

68&．Clinton to Cornwallis，July 8，1781，Saberton，The Cornwallis Papers&，5：140-42；Clinton to Rawdon，July 23，1781，ibid.，6：62-63；Rawdon to Clinton，July 26，1781，ibid.，1：22-23.

69&．Willcox，The American Rebellion&，p.323 n．17；Ewald，Diary of the American War&，p.319.

70&．Tarleton，A History of the Campaigns of&1780&and&1781&in the Southern Provinces of North America&，p.393.

71&．“Military Journal of Major Ebenezer Denny 1781 to 1795，”Publications of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania&（Philadelphia：Lippincott，1860），p.245.

72&．Jerome A．Greene，The Guns of Independence&：The Siege of Yorktown,&1781（New York：Savas Beatie，2009），pp.42，59，205，210，252，276，307；Cornwallis to Clinton，September 16，1781，October 20，1781，CO 5/103，PRO；Selby，The Revolution in Virginia&，p.302；Rankin，“Charles Lord Cornwallis：Study in Frustration，”p.217；Lamb，An Original and Authentic Journal of Occurrences During the Late American War&，pp.378-79.

73&．Greene，The Guns of Independence&，p.296；The Annual Register&，in Rebellion in America&：A Contemporary British Viewpoint&1765-1783, ed.David H．Murdoch（Santa Barbara，Calif.：ABC-Clio，1979），p.920；North Callahan，“Henry Knox：American Artillerist，”in Billias，George Washington's Generals and Opponents&，1：255.

74&．Robert Selig，“20 October 1781：The DayAfter the Surrender，”The Brigade Dispatch&，34，no.2（Summer 2008）：2，5-6；Greene，The Guns of Independence&，p.315.

75&．Tarleton，A History of the Campaigns of&1780&and&1781&in the Southern Provinces of North America&，p.393；Edward C．Lengel，General George Washington&：A Military Life&（New York：Random House，2005），p.149.

76&．Steuart，The Last Journals of Horace Walpole&，2：379；Our American Brethren&：A History of Letters in the British Press During the American Revolution&，1775-1781 ed.Alfred Grant（Jefferson，N.C.：McFar-land，1995），p.121；Bickham，Making Headlines&，p.161.

77&．Franklin and Mary Wickwire，Cornwallis&：The Imperial Years&（Chapel Hill：University of North Carolina Press，1980），p.5；Wilcox，Portrait of a General&，pp.472，459；Jeremy Black，George&Ⅲ：America's Last King&（New Haven，Conn.：Yale University Press，2006），p.28；Cornwallis to Lieut.Colonel Ross，January 15，1783 in Ross，Correspondence of Charles&，First Marquis Cornwallis&，1：144；Cornwallis to the Bishop of Lichfield，December 12，1787，ibid.，1：59.

78&．Wickwire and Wickwire，Cornwallis&：The Imperial Years&，pp.165，131，138；Maya Jasanoff，Edge of Empire.Lives&，Culture and Conquest in the East&1750-1850（New York：Alfred A．Knopf，2005），p.161；P.J.Marshall，“‘Cornwallis Triumphant’：War in India and the British Public in the Late Eighteenth Century，”in&War，Strategy&，and International Politics&：Essays in Honour of Sir Michael Howard&，ed.Lawrence Freedman，Paul Hayes and Robert O'Neill（Oxford：Clarendon Press，1992），pp.61，62，63，71.

79&．G.M.Ditchfied，George&Ⅲ：An Essay in Monarchy&（Basingstoke：Palgrave Macmillan，2002），p.135；Wickwire and Wickwire，Cornwallis&：The Imperial Years&，p.224.

80&．William Dalrymple，White Mughals&：Love and Betrayal in Eighteenth-Century India&（New York：Penguin，2002），p.308；Wickwire and Wickwire，Cornwallis&：The Imperial Years&，pp.540-54，83；P.J.Marshall，The Making and Unmaking of Empires&：Britain&，India&，and America c&．1750-1783（Oxford：Oxford University Press，2005），p.225.

81&．Wickwire and Wickwire，Cornwallis&：The Imperial Years&，pp.135，228；Piers Mackesy，“What the British Army Learned，”in Hoffman and Albert，Arms and Independence&，p.197；Cornwallis to Lieut.-Col.Ross，November 21，1783，Ross，Correspondence of Charles&，First Marquis Cornwallis&，1：150，2：418；Wickwire and Wickwire，Cornwallis&：The Imperial Years&，p.250.

82&．Wickwire and Wickwire，Cornwallis&：The Imperial Years&，pp.68，8；Dalrymple，Love and Betrayalin Eighteenth-Century India&，p.3；Wickwire and Wickwire，Cornwallis&：The Imperial Years&，pp.92，98，175.

83&．Cornwallis to Lieut.-Col.Ross，November 13，1783，Ross，Correspondence of Charles&，First Marquis Cornwallis&，1：149；Wickwire and Wickwire，Cornwallis&：The Imperial Years&，p.262；Ross，Correspondence of Charles&，First Marquis Cornwallis&，2：355，1：16.

84&．Wickwire and Wickwire，Cornwallis&：The Imperial Years&，p.267.

85&．Washington，December 20，1780，in Harold A．Larrabee，Decision at the Chesapeake&（New York：Clarkson N．Potter，1964），p.91.

第八章

1&．John Colpoys to Admiral Young，November 27，1776，Adm 1 / 309（Pt.Ⅲ），f.589，PRO；Barbara W．Tuchman，The First Salute&：A View of the American Revolution&（New York：Knopf，1988），pp.5-6，16，43，54-55，57.关于圣•克鲁伊岛（St.Croix）的致礼见H.Kelly to Vice Admiral Young，Antigua，October 27，1776，enclosed in Germain to Suffolk，March 14，1777，Adm 1/309（Pt.Ⅲ and IV），PRO；The Danish American Gazette，April 16，1777；Franklin L．Jameson，“St.Eustatius and the American Revolution，”American Historical Review 8（1902-3）：691。

2&．Helen Augur，The Secret War of Independence&（New York：Little，Brown，1955），p.52；Journal of a Lady of Quality；Being the Narrative of a Journey from Scotland to the Caribbean，North Carolina and Portugal，in the Years 1774 to 1776，ed.Evangeline W．Andrews and Charles M．Andrews（New Haven，Conn.：Yale University Press，1921），pp.136-37.

3&．Young to Heylinger，May 20，1776，Adm 1/309 f．488，PRO；John Colpoys to Young，November 27，1776，Adm 1/309，f.589，PRO；F.C.van Oosten，“Some Notes Concerning the Dutch Caribbean During the American Revolutionary War，”American Neptune&36（1976）：165；letters of Van Bibber（November 1776），Maryland Archives&，12：423，436，quoted by Jameson，“St Eustatius in the American Revolution，”pp.690-91；Florence Lewisohn，“St.Eustatius：Depot for Revolution，”Revista&/Review Interamericana&5（1975-76）：625；John E．Selby，The Revolution in Virginia&，1775-1783（1988；repr.Charlottesville：University of Virginia Press，2007），pp.171-72；Richard Sampson，Escape in America&：The British Convention Prisoners&1777-1783（Chippenham：Picton Publishing，1995），p.19.

4&．Lewisohn，“St.Eustatius：Depot for Revolution，”625；“Extract of a private letter from a gentleman in St.Kitt's，to his friend in Stirling，dated June 14，”Morning Post&，August 17，1779；Lewisohn，“St.Eustatius：Depot for Revolution，”p.626；[James Ramsay]，“Observations on the Caribbean Station，”January 1780，Germain Papers，WCLC，vol.ii；[James Ramsay] “Thoughts on the Charibbean Station” December 5，1778，Germain Papers，WCLC，vol.8；Richard Buel Jr.，In Irons：Britain's Naval Supremacy and&the American Revolutionary Economy&（New Haven，Conn.：Yale University Press，1998），pp.229，120，178，180；Christie to Germain，8 February，1781，James Ramsay to Germain，March 1，1781，[James Ramsay]．“Of St.Eustatius，”March 1781，Germain Papers，WLCL，vol.14（unfoliated）；speech of Lord George Germain in the House of Commons，May 14，1781，St.James's Chronicle&，May 12-14，1781.

5&．Hood to Jackson，June 24，1781，Letters Written by Sir Samuel Hood&，Viscount Hood in&1781-83，ed.David Hannay（London：Navy Records Society，1895），p.18.

6&．Shelburne quoted in Kenneth Breen，“Sir George Rodney and St.Eustatius in the American War：A Commercial and Naval Distraction，1775-81，”Mariner's Mirror84（May 1998）：100.

7&．Sandwich to Rodney，March 8，1780，The Private Papers of John&，Earl of Sandwich&，First Lord of the Admiralty&1771-1782，ed.G.R.Barnes and J．H.Owen，4 vols.（London：Navy Records Society，1932-38），3：206；N.A.M.Rodger，The Insatiable Earl&：A Life of John Montagu&，Fourth Earl of Sandwich&（New York：Norton，1994），pp.327，305；John Creswell，British Admirals of the Eighteenth Century&.：Tactics in Battle&（Hamden，Conn.：Archon Books，1972），p.151；Piers Mackesy，The War for America&1775-1783（1964；repr.Lincoln：University of Nebraska Press，1993），p.473.

8&．Memoirs of Richard Cumberland&：London&1806，ed.Henry Flanders&（1856；repr.New York：Benjamin Blom，1969），p.208.

9&．The House of Commons&1754-1790，ed.Sir Lewis Namier and John Brooke，3 vols.（London：H.M.Stationery Office，1964），3：368-69；Flanders，Memoirs of&Richard Cumberland&，p.209.

10&．Young to Stephens，April 7，1776，March 9，1777，Adm 1/309，ff.458，657；Macartney to Germain，October 22，1777，CO 101/21，PRO；Robert C．Alberts，The Golden Voyage&：The Life and Times of William Bingham&1752-1804（Boston：Houghton Mifflin，1969），44；Augur，The Secret War of Independence&，pp.54，105-10，114-28，203-4，206-7；Andrews，Journal of a Lady of Quality&，pp.120，124，275-77.

11&．Orlando W．Stephenson，“The Supply of Gunpowder in 1776，”America Historical Review&30，no.2（1925）：271，274，277，279，281；Macartney to Germain，October 22，1777，CO 101/21，PRO；Selby，The Revolution in Virginia&，p.172；Augur，The Secret War of Independence&，pp.54，85-86.

12&．Alan G．Jamieson，“War in the Leeward Islands 1775-1783”（D.Phil.thesis，Oxford University，1981），p.ix；David Spinney，Rodney&（London：Allen Unwin，1969），pp.298，354；N.A.M.Rodger，The Command of the Ocean&：A Naval History of Britain&，1649-1815（New York：Norton，2004），pp.399，487.

13&．Rodney to Sandwich，February 7，1781，Barnes and Owen，Sandwich Papers&，4：148；Brendan Simms，Three Victories and a Defeat&：The Rise and Fall of the First British Empire&，1714-1783（New York：Basic Books，2007），p.646；James Gillray，The Dutchman in the DUMPs&（London：William Humphrey，April 9，1781），JCB Political Cartoons，BM 5837，John Carter Brown Library，Brown University；Vincent Morley，Irish Opinion and the American Revolution&，1760-1783（Cambridge：Cambridge University Press，2002），p.343.

14&．“Extract of a Letter from St.Eustatia，”March 6，London Chronicle&，April 12-14，1781；Richard Downing Jennings，“Case of an English Subject at the Capture of St.Eustatius by Lord Rodney and General Vaughan in the year 1781”（1784），Sydney Papers，vol.12，f.14，WLCL；speech of Edmund Burke，December 4，1782，St.James's Chronicle&，February 2-February 5，1782；ibid.，May14，1781，May 12-14，1781；Ronald Hurst，The Golden Rock&：An Episode of the American War of Independence&，1775-1783（London：Leo Cooper，1996），p.139.

15&．Rodney to Stephens，February 12，1781，Adm 1/314，f.50，PRO；Royal Gazette&，April 14，1781；Sheldon Cohen，British Supporters of the American Revolution&，1775-1783：The Role Of The&“Middling-level&”&Activists&（Woodbridge：Boydell Press，2004），p.37；James Ramsay to Germain，March 31，1781，Germain Papers，vol.14（unfoliated），WLCL.

16&．Revd.James Ramsay to Germain，March 31，1781，Germain Papers，vol.14（unfoliated），WLCL.

17&．Hurst，The Golden Rock&，p.7；Norman F．Barka，“Citizens of St.Eustatius，1781：A Historical and Archaeological Study，”in&The Lesser Antilles in the Age of European Expansion&，ed.Robert L．Paquette and Stanley L．Engerman（Gainesville；University Press of Florida，1996），p.228；Andrews，Journal of a Lady of Quality&，pp.136-37.

18&．Jennings，“The Case of an English Subject at the Capture of Saint Eustatius，”Sydney Papers，vol.12，f.14，WLCL；speech of Edmund Burke，14 May，1781，St.James's Chronicle&，May 12-14，1781；James Ramsay to Germain，March 31，1781，Germain Papers，vol.14（unfoliated），WLCL.

19&．Jennings，“Case of an English Subject at the Capture of Saint Eustatius，”Sydney Papers，vol.11，f.14，WLCL；speech of Edmund Burke，May 14，1781，St.James's Chronicle&，May 12-14，1781.

20&．The New Annual Register&，a General Repository of History&，Politics and Literature&，for the Year&1782（London：G.Robinson，1783），p.29.

21&．Spinney，Rodney&，p.369；Hurst，The Golden Rock&，p.26；Rodney to Stephens，February 12，1781，Adm 1/314，ff.48-49，PRO；Vaughan to Howe，October 17，1777，CO/5/94，PRO；“Copy of a Letter from Admiral Rodney to the Marquis de Bouille，”Maryland Gazette&，May 31，1781.

22&．Rodney to Stephens，March 9，1781 quoted in&GeneralAdvertizer&，July 4，1786；Rodney and Vaughan to Germain，June 25，1781，CO 28/58，PRO；Rodney to Lady Rodney，April 23，1781，in G．B.Mundy，Life and Correspondence of the Late Admiral Lord&Rodney，2 vols.（London：J.Murray，1830），2：97；Rodney to Stephens，June 29，1781，Adm 1/314，f.214，PRO.

23&．Rodney to Stephens，March 6，1781，Adm 1/314，PRO；Rodney to Stephens，March 17，1781，Adm 1/314，f.61，PRO.

24&．General Howe to Admiral James Young，30 January，1776，Adm 1/309，f.415，PRO；Sir Henry Calder to Germain，St.Lucia，September 19，1779，CO 318/7，PRO；“Petition of the West India Merchants and Planters to the King，”April 6，1781，Shelburne Papers，vol.79，f.173，WLCL；Anon.，A Speech which was Spoken in the House of Assembly of St Christopher Upon a motion made on Tuesday the&6th of November&，1781，For Presenting An Address to His Majesty&，Relative to The Proceedings of Admiral Rodney and General Vaughan at St.Eustatius And the Present Dangerous Situation of The West India Islands&（London：J.Debrett，1782），p.28；Jennings，“Case of an English Subject at the Capture of Saint Eustatius，”Sydney Papers，vol.12，f.5，WLCL；H.M.Scott，British Foreign Policy in the Age of the American Revolution&（Oxford：Clarendon Press，1990），p.287.

25&．Vaughan and Rodney to Germain，July 3，1781，CO 318/7，PRO；Spinney，Rodney&，pp.375，377；Hurst，The Golden Rock&，p.137；“Orders given by Sir George Bridges Rodney to his Agents，”July 31，1781，Sydney Papers，vol.9（unfoliated），WLCL；Anon.，A Speech which was Spoken in the House of the Assembly of St.Christopher&，p.25.

26&．Armstrong Starkey，“War and Culture，a Case Study：The Enlightenment and the Conduct of the British Army in America，1755-1781，”War and Society&8（May 1990）：8-9.

27&．Eliga H．Gould，“Zones of Laws，Zones of Violence：The Legal Geography of the British Atlantic，circa 1772，”William and Mary Quarterly&，3d ser.，60，no.3（July 2003）：474-75，476，479，483，486，489-90，496，497，507.

28&．Speech of Edmund Burke，14 May，1781，St.James's Chronicle&，May 12-14，1781；Anon.，A Speech which was Spoken in the House of Assembly of St.Christopher&，p.16；Richard Neave to Germain，April 26，1781，Germain Papers，vol.14（unfoliated），WLCL；Germain to Vaughan，March 30，1781，CO 318/8，PRO.

29&．Spinney，Rodney&，pp.268，274，278，284-85，286，287，290；Christopher Lloyd，“Sir George Rodney：Lucky Admiral，”in&George Washington's Generals and Opponents：Their Exploits and Leadership&，ed.George Athan Billias，2 vols.in 1（1964，1969；repr.New York：Da Capo Press，1994），2：332；Flanders，Memoirs of Richard Cumberland&，p.207.

30&．See Spinney，Rodney&，pp.20-21 for childhood and father；for gambling，ibid.，pp.111，225，239，273，for lavish lifestyle，ibid.，p.219；for Northampton election，ibid.，p.236；for loans and financial decline，ibid.，pp.217，238，240，241，246，249，264，266.

31&．Hood to Jackson，May 21，1781，quoted in W．M.James，The British Navy in Adversity&：A Study of the War of American Independence&（London；Longmans，Green，1926），p.257；Hood to Jackson，June 24，1781，Hannay，Letters Written by Sir Samuel Hood&，p.18；N.A.M.Rodger，The Wooden World&：Anatomy of the Georgian Navy（London：Fontana Press，1990），p.323；David Syrett，The Royal Navy in American Waters&1775-1783（Aldershot：Scolar Press，1989），p.154；John A．Tilley，The British Navy and the American Revolution&（Columbia：University of South Carolina Press，1987），p.201；Spinney，Rodney&，pp.129，215，216，367.

32&．Rodney to Lady Rodney，23 April，1781，in Mundy，Life and Correspondence of the Late Admiral Lord Rodney&，2：100；Rodney to Lady Rodney，March 18，1781，Greenwich 35 MS 0292，quoted in Spinney，Rodney&，p.367；Rodney to George Rodney，February 6，1781，Rodney Papers（Belsize Park） quoted in Spinney，Rodney&，380；Donald G．F.W.MacIntyre，Admiral Rodney&（London：Peter Davies，1962），p.16；Hood to Jackson，June 24，1781，Hannay，Letters Written by Sir Samuel Hood&，p.18.

33&．Jennings，“Case of an English Subject at the Capture of Saint Eustatius，”Sydney Papers，vol.12，f.20，WLCL；ibid.，ff.15，20，17；speech of Edmund Burke，December 4，1781，St.James's Chronicle&，December 4-6，1781；The Annual Register&（1783），p.26；Spinney，Rodney&，p.368.

34&．Byron to Stephens，August 3，1779，Adm 1/312，f.111，PRO；Aretas Akers to Charles Lyell，July 27，1779，Adm 1/312，f.115，PRO；Richard Downing Jennings，“Account of the proceedings of Lord Rodney and General Vaughan at St.Eustatius，”April 9，1789，Sydney Papers，vol.15（unfoliated），WLCL；James Ramsay to Vaughan，June 26，1780，CO 318/6，f.169，PRO，acknowledges help of Akers in procuring information；Akers to Rodney，December 28，1780，January 19，1781，January 31，1781，30/20/261，ff.9，14-15，17，PRO；Capt.W.Young to Sir Charles Middleton，December 26，1780，Letters and Papers of Charles&，Lord Barham&，Admiral of the Red Squadron&，1758-1813，ed.Sir J．K.Laughton，3 vols.（London；Navy Records Society，1906-10），1：86.

35&．Spinney，Rodney&，pp.121，266-67，275；Rodger，The Insatiable Earl&，p.196.

36&．The Annual Register&（1783），p.27；Tilley，The British Navy and the American Revolution&，p.201；Syrett，The Royal Navy in American Waters&，pp.154-55；Tuchman，The First Salute&，p.172.

37&．Spinney，Rodney&，pp.141，201-2，206，255.Ibid.，p.201，David Spinney defends Rodney against what he calls myths and legends that treat the admiral as “a self-centered and rapacious careerist.”

38&．Spinney，Rodney&，pp.346，347，349；Rodger，The Insatiable Earl&，pp.284-88；Syrett，The Royal Navy in American Waters&，pp.152-59；Tilley，The British Navy and the American Revolution&，p.198；Arbuthnot to Germain，December 19，1780，Historical Manuscripts Commission，Report on the Manuscripts of Mrs.Stopford-Sackville of Drayton House&，Northamptonshire&，2 vols.（London：H.M.Stationery Office，1910），2：190.

39&．Hurst，The Golden Rock&，p.143；Revd.James Ramsay to Germain，March 1，1781，Germain Papers，vol.14（unfoliated），WLCL；Jennings，“Case of an English Subject at the Capture of Saint Eustatius，”Sydney Papers，vol.12，f.14，WLCL；Rodney to Vaughan，February 6，1781，Vaughan Papers，vol.3，f.21，WLCL；James Ramsay to Germain，March 11781，Germain Papers，vol.14（unfoliated），WLCL；“The Most Humble Address of the Wardens and Elders of the Hebrew Congregation to His Excellency the Hon.John Vaughan，Major General and Commander in Chief of His Majesty's Army in the Leeward Islands，”CO 28/58，PRO；Rodney to Stephens，February 8，1772，Adm 1/238，PRO；Rodney to Stephens，March 12，1774，Adm 1/239，PRO；Westminster Journal&April 18，1772；Hurst，The Golden Rock&，p.143；Stephen Alexander Fortune，Merchants and Jews&：The Struggle for British West Indian Commerce&，1650-1750（Gainesville：University Press of Florida，1984），pp.104，126，139，145.

40&．Revd.James Ramsay to Germain，March 1，1781，Germain Papers，vol.14（unfoliated），WLCL.罗德尼从未获得历史学家对纳尔逊那种毫无保留的景仰，Lloyd，“Sir George Rodney：Lucky Admiral，”p.327，认为其“对战利品的贪婪”，“侵蚀了其胜利的军事影响力”。Rodger，The Insatiable Earl&，p.176认为，除了罗德尼，英国海军基本免于腐败和恩庇关系。罗德尼 “基本没有表现高级军官急需的可靠和可信”。独立观察家认为“属于别人的那些贪婪和恶毒经常就是他的特征”。Syrett，The Royal Navy in American Waters&，p.154，表示，罗德尼在海军界拥有僭越权力、搜刮身边的每一个便士的名声。David Spinney尽管试图以欠债为海军上将正名，但就圣优斯特歇斯事件也承认，“无从为乔治爵士的行动、情感和报复心辩护”。另见 Rodger，Wooden World&，pp.124，323，324，325，338，339；on Rodney's nepotism，Spinney，Rodney&，pp.250，251，274，354，380，407；on his financial malfeasance，ibid.，pp.266，267，275。

41&．Ramsay to Germain，March 15，1781，Germain Papers，vol.14（unfoliated），WLCL；Pennsylvania Journal&，August 4，1781；petition of the West India Planters and Merchants to the king，April 6，1781，Shelburne Papers，vol.79，f.173，WLCL；Richard Neave，chairman of the society，to Germain，April 26，1781，Germain Papers，vol.14（unfoliated），WLCL；Pennsylvania Journal&，December 22，1781.请愿未见于西印度商人的会议记录，但在伦敦印刷出版，London Chronicle&，April 12-14，1781，and&Lloyd's Evening Post&，April 13-15，1781.

42&．Ian R．Christie，The End of North's Ministry&，1780-1782（London：Macmillan，1958），p.261；The Last Journals of Horace Walpole During the Reign of George&Ⅲ，ed.A.Francis Steuart，2 vols.（London：John Lane，1910），1：362；The Annual Register&（1783），pp.24-30.

43&．The Annual Register&（1783），pp.68-69.

44&．The Historical and the Posthumous Memoirs of Sir Nathaniel William Wraxall&1772-1784, ed.Henry B．Wheatley，5 vols.（1836；repr.London：Bickers Son，1884），2：115，116，166；Steuart，The Last Journals of Horace Walpole&，2：385.

45&．Spinney，Rodney&，pp.420-21，423，426；Hurst，The Golden Rock&，p.139；Jennings，“Case of an English Subject at the Capture of Saint Eustatius，”Sydney Papers，vol.12，f.22，WLCL；Breen，“Sir George Rodney and St.Eustatius in the American War，”pp.200-202.

46&．Spinney，Rodney&，p.420；Jennings，“Case of an English Subject at the Capture of Saint Eu-statius，”Sydney Papers，vol.12，ff.15，19，WLCL；Margaret Marion Spector，The American Department of the British Government&，1768-1782（New York：Columbia University Press，1940），p.129；Augur，The Secret War of Independence&，pp.324-25.

47&．Affidavit of Major Nichols，March 24，1786，quoted in the&General Advertiser&，4 July，1786；Spinney，Rodney&，383；“Account of the controversy over Rodney's actions in the St.Eustatius Affair，”General Advertiser&，4 July，1786，copy in the Sydney Papers，vol.13（unfoliated），WLCL.有证词指责北美事务部雇佣的亲英派Arthur Savage，他向一名圣优斯特歇斯的英国商人Richard Downing Jennings出售文件，但罗德尼并未使用他掌握的档案。萨维奇实际已经承认向詹金斯归还文件，因为文件上没有不利于原所有人的内容。见Hurst，The Golden Rock&，p 229；declaration of Arthur Savage concerning St.Eustatius，July 1786，Sydney Papers，vol.13（unfoliated），WLCL。

48&．General Advertizer&，4 July，1786，copy in the Sydney Papers，vol.13（unfoliated），WLCL；Buel，In Irons&，pp.44，190.圣优斯特歇斯的陷落实际上是军事手册上经典的突袭案例。Robert Selig，“The French Capture of St.Eustatius，26 November，1781，”Journal of Caribbean History&27，no.2（1993）：129-43.

49&．Banastre Tarleton，A History of the Campaigns of&1780&and&1781&in the Southern Provinces of North America&（1787；repr.Cranbury，N.J.：The Scholar's Bookshelf，2005），pp.363-64；Anon.，A Speech which was Spoken in the House of Assembly of St.Christopher&，p.11；Spinney，Rodney&，pp.362-63.

50&．Hood to George Jackson，May 21，1781，Hannay，Letters Written by Sir Samuel Hood&，pp.13-15.

51&．Spinney，Rodney&，pp.339，368.

52&．Harold A．Larrabee，Decision at the Chesapeake&（New York：Clarkson N．Potter，1964），pp.255-56，272-73.

53&．Germain to Vaughan，4 April，1781，July 4，1781，CO 318/8，PRO；Germain to Clinton，August 2，1781，CO 5/102；Tilley，The British Navy and the American Revolution&，p.243；Rodney to Philip Stephens，June 29，1781，Letters from Sir George Brydges now Lord Rodney&，To His Majesty's Ministers&，c&.c.Relative to the Capture of St.Eustatius&，And Its Dependencies&；And Shewingthe State of the War in the West-Indies&，at that Period&（London：A.Grant，1789），pp.81-82.

54&．Spinney，Rodney&，pp.381-82；Public Advertiser&，24 September 1781，quoted in Breen，“Sir George Rodney and St.Eustatius in the American War，”p.201.

55&．William B．Willcox，Portrait of a General&：Sir Henry Clinton in the War of Independence&（New York：Knopf，1964），p.447.

56&．Ibid.，pp.410-11，412；Historical Memoirs of William Smith&1778-1783，ed.W.H.W.Sabine，2 vols.（New York：New York Times，1971），2：452.

57&．Jonathan R．Dull，The French Navy and American Independence&：A Study of Arms and Diplomacy&，1774-1787（Princeton，N.J.：Princeton University Press，1975），p.243.

58&．Sam Willis，Fighting at Sea in the Eighteenth Century&：The Art of Sailing Warfare&（Woodbridge：Boydell Press，2008），pp.59，71，101.

59&．Syrett，The Royal Navy in American Waters&，p.269.

60&．Correspondence of General Washington and Comte De Grasse&，ed.Institut français de Washington（Washington，D.C.：U.S.Government Printing Office，1931），pp.37，46，47，58，76，121，130-31，138；St.James's Chronicle&，January 3-5，1782；“Extract of a letter from a clergyman in the Island of Jamaica，”May 13，1782，London Chronicle&，August 6-8，1782；Morning Herald&，August 7，1782.

61&．Debate on the resolution moved by General Conway against the further prosecution of offensive warfare on the continent of North America，February 27，1782，Parliamentary History of England from the Earliest Period to&1803，ed.William Cobbett and Thomas Hansard，36 vols.（London：Hansard，1806-20），22：cols.1096，1110；Catalogue of Political and Personal Satires Preserved in the Department of Prints and Drawings in the British Museum&1771-1783，ed.Dorothy M．George，vol.5（London：British Museum，1935），nos.5961 and 5986.

62&．Daniel Baugh，“Why Did Britain Lose Command of the Sea？” in&The British Navy and the Use of Naval Power in the Eighteenth Century&，ed.Jeremy Black and Philip Woodfine（Leicester：Leicester University Press，1988），p.152；Wheatley，The Historical and the Posthumous Memoirs of Sir Nathaniel William Wraxall&，2：326.

63&．Flanders，Memoirs of Richard Cumberland&，p.207；Willis，Fighting at Sea in the Eighteenth Century&，pp.130-31.

64&．Willis，Fighting at Sea in the Eighteenth Century&，pp.208-9.

65&．Flanders，Memoirs of Richard Cumberland&，p.208.

66&．Stephen Conway，“‘A Joy Unknown for Years Past’：The American War，Britishness and the Celebration of Rodney's Victory at the Saints，”History&86，no.282（April 2001）：187，189，190，197，198；Troy Bickham，Making Headlines&：The American Revolution as Seen through the British Press&（DeKalb：Northern Illinois University Press，2009），pp.164-67.

67&．Journals of the Assembly of Jamaica&，vol.8（1805），pp.565，567；Maya Jasanoff，Liberty's Exiles&：American Loyalists in the Revolutionary World&（New York：Knopf，2011），p.252.

68&．Wheatley，The Historical and Posthumous Memoirs of Sir Nathaniel William Wraxall&，2：319，320，321.

69&．Ibid.，pp.328，337；Edmund Burke to Lord Rodney，July 1782，PRO 30/21/6，f.73，PRO；The Parliamentary Register&（London，1782），v.，92 quoted in Lloyd，“Sir George Rodney：Lucky Admiral，”p.343；Morning Herald and Daily Advertiser&，November 6，1783；Willcox，Portrait of a General&，p.461.

70&．Reginald Lucas，Lord North&，1732-1792, 2 vols.（London：Arthur L．Humphreys，1913） 1：381；Wheatley，The Historical and the Posthumous Memoirs of Sir Nathaniel William Wraxall&，2：335，332.

71&．Conway，“‘A Joy Unknown for Years Past，’” p．183；Spinney，Rodney&，pp.414-15.

72&．Spinney，Rodney&，pp.416，418-19，425，427.

73&．Ibid.，pp.416-17，420-21.

74&．Ibid.，pp.422-23，424.

75&．pp.424，425.

第九章

1&．George Martelli，Jemmy Twitcher&（London：Jonathan Cape，1962），pp.58，44-49；Evelyn Lord，The Hell-Fire Clubs&：Sex&，Satanism&，and Secret Societies&（New Haven，Conn.：Yale University Press，2008），pp.93，97-103.

2&．Martelli，Jemmy Twitcher&，pp.48，55；N.A.M.Rodger，The Insatiable Earl&：A Life of John Montagu&，Fourth Earl of Sandwich&（New York：Norton，1993），pp.83，98.

3&．Lord，The Hell-Fire Clubs&，pp.117-21；Martelli，Jemmy Twitcher&，p.63.

4&．Rodger，The Insatiable&Earl，pp.103，104；Martelli，Jemmy Twitcher&，pp.56，63-64，66.

5&．Martelli，Jemmy Twitcher&，pp.23，25，39，85-86；The Historical and Posthumous Memoirs of Sir Nathaniel William Wraxall&1772-1784，ed.Henry B．Wheatley，5 vols.（1836；repr.London：Bickers Son，1884），1：398-99；Rodger，The Insatiable Earl&，pp.71，85，86，117.

6&．Martin Levy，Love and Madness&：The Murder of Martha Ray&，Mistress of the Fourth Earl of Sandwich&（New York：HarperCollins.2004），p.18；Martelli，Jemmy Twitcher&，pp.23，43-44，86.

7&．Rodger，The Insatiable Earl&，p.2；Martelli，Jemmy Twitcher&，p.84；Levy，Love and Madness&，p.27.

8&．James M．Haas，“The Pursuit of Political Success in Eighteenth-Century England：Sandwich，1740-71，”Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research&43（May 1970）：58；Rodger，The Insatiable Earl&，pp.1，71.

9&．Levy，Love and Madness&，p.2；John Brewer，A Sentimental Murder&：Love and Madness in the Eighteenth Century&（New York：Farrar，Straus and Giroux，2004），p.119.

10&．Haas，“The Pursuit of Political Success in Eighteenth-Century England：Sandwich，”pp.56-57；Wheatley，The Historical and Posthumous Memoirs of Sir Nathaniel William Wraxall&，1：398-99；Clive Wilkinson，The British Navy and the State in the Eighteenth Century&（Woodbridge：Boydell Press，2004），p.15.

11&．Martelli，Jemmy Twitcher&，p.22；Rodger，The Insatiable Earl&，pp.4-6.

12&．Rodger，The Insatiable Earl&，pp.19，20，216；H.M.Scott，British Foreign Policy in the Age of the American Revolution&（Oxford：Oxford University Press，1990），p.54.

13&．Rodger，The Insatiable Earl&，pp.75，131，173，174.

14&．N.A.M.Rodger，The Wooden World&：Anatomy of the Georgian Navy&（London：Fontana Press，1990），p.331；Rodger，The Insatiable Earl&，p.132.

15&．Rodger，The Insatiable Earl&，pp.17，18；Martelli，Jemmy Twitcher&，pp.33，278.

16&．Wilkinson，The British Navy and the State in the Eighteenth Century&，p.168；Nicholas Tracy，Navies&，Deterrence&，and American Independence&：Britain and Seapower in the&1760s and&1770s&（Vancouver：University of British Columbia Press，1988），p.34.

17&．Celina Fox，“George Ⅲ and the Royal Navy，”in&The Wisdom of George the Third&，ed.Jonathan Marsden（London：Royal Collection Publications，2004），pp.293，303，305.

18&．Tracy，Navies&，Deterrence&，and American Independence&，p.31.

19&．Brendan Simms，Three Victories and a Defeat&：The Rise and Fall of the First British Empire&，1714-1783（New York：Basic Books，2007），pp.349，351，373；“To William Franklin：Journal of Negotiations in London，”March 22，1775，in&The Papers of Benjamin Franklin&，ed.Leonard W．Labaree，William B．Willcox，Barbara Oberg，and Ellen R．Cohn，39 vols.（New Haven，Conn.：Yale University Press，1959-），21：581.

20&．P.D.G.Thomas，Tea Party to Independence：The Third Phase of the American Revolution 1773-1776（Oxford：Clarendon Press，1991），pp.16，210；Rodger，The Insatiable Earl，p.217；David Syrett，Shipping and the American War 1775-83：A Study of British Transport Organisation（London：Athlone Press，1970），p.123.

21&．The Annual Register&，in Rebellion in America&：A Contemporary British Viewpoint&，1769-1783，ed.David H．Murdoch（Santa Barbara，Calif.：Clio Books，1979），pp.175，211；Frank Arthur Mumby，George&Ⅲ&and the American Revolution&：The Beginnings&（London：Constable，1924），p.384；N.A.M.Rodger，The Command of the Ocean&：A Naval History of Britain&，1649-1815（New York：Norton，2004），p.330；Neil Stout，The Perfect Crisis&：The Beginning of the Revolutionary War&（New York：New York University Press，1976），p.177；The Parliamentary History of England from the Earliest Periodto&1803，ed.William Cobbett and Thomas Hansard，36 vols.（London：Hansard，1806-22），18：cols.436-46；Philip Davidson，Propaganda and the American Revolution&1763-1783（Chapel Hill：University of North Carolina Press，1941），p.192.

22&．P.D.G.Thomas，Lord North&（London：Allen Lane，1976），pp.94，96；Charles R．Ritcheson，British Politics and the American Revolution&（Norman：University of Oklahoma Press，1954），p.174；Rodger，The Insatiable Earl&，pp.150-52，232-33；John A．Tilley，The British Navy and the American Revolution&（Columbia：University of South Carolina Press，1987），p.31；Tracy，Navies&，Deterrence&，and American Independence&，p.119；Daniel A．Baugh，“Why Did Britain Lose Command of the Sea During the War for America？” in&The British Navy and the Use of Naval Power in the Eighteenth&Century，ed.Jeremy Black and Philip Woodfine（Leicester：Leicester University Press，1988），pp.155-56.

23&．Rodger，The Insatiable Earl&，p.232，233；Scott，British Foreign Policy in the Age of the American Revolution&，p.235；Tracy，Navies&，Deterrence&，and American Independence&，p.137；Ritcheson，British Politics and the American Revolution&，p.175；David Syrett，“The Failure of the British Effort in America，1777，”in Black and Woodfine，The British Navy and the Use of Naval Power in the Eighteenth Century&，p.173；David Syrett，The Royal Navy in European Waters During the American Revolutionary War&（Columbia：University of South Carolina Press，1998），pp.14-15，64；Tilley，The British Navy and the American Revolution&，p.79；Martelli，Jemmy Twitcher&，p.110；Jessica Warner，John the Painter&：The First Modern Terrorist&（London：Profile Books，2005）．

24&．Martelli，Jemmy Twitcher&，p.183.

25&．Wilkinson，The British Navy and the State in the Eighteenth Century&，pp.70，75，181，193；Rodger，The Command of the Sea&，p.371.

26&．Wilkinson，The British Navy and the State in the Eighteenth Century&，pp.95，192，193；Rodger，The Command of the Sea&，p.369，370.

27&．Rodger，The Insatiable Earl&，pp.148-49.

28&．Rodger，The Command of the Ocean&，pp.334，394，396，398，399，400；Syrett，The Royal Navy in European Waters&，p.66；Paul David Nelson，General James Grant：Scottish Soldier and Royal Governor of East Florida&（Gainesville：University Press of Florida，1993），p.143；The Lost War&：Letters from British Officers Duringthe American Revolution&，ed.Marion Balderston and David Syrett（New York：Horizon Press，1975），p.14.

29&．Daniel A．Baugh questions the view that Britain had naval supremacy in America before 1778 in “The Politics of British Naval Failure，1775-1777，”American Neptune&52（1992）：221-46.

30&．The Annual Register&，in Murdoch，Rebellion in America&，p.340；Neil Stout，The Perfect Crisis&，p.89 says that Graves had only nineteen ships in 1774；Tilley，The British Navy and the American Revolution&，p.12；David Syrett，“The Failure of the British Effort in America，”p.174；William B．Willcox，“Arbuthnot，Gambier and Graves：‘Old Women’ of the Navy，”in&George Washington's Generals and Opponents&：Their Exploits and Leadership&，ed.George Athan Billias，2 vols.in 1（1964，1969；repr.New York：Da Capo Press，1994），2：263；Baugh，“The Politics of British Naval Failure，”pp.225-26，227，229.

31&．Baugh，“The Politics of British Naval Failure，”pp.233，234，236，240；Robert Greenhalgh Albion，Forests and Sea Power&：The Timber Problem and the Royal Navy，1652-1862（1926；repr.Annapolis，Md.：Naval Institute Press，2000），pp.300-301.

32&．David L．Preston，“The Royal Navy Lost the Revolution，”Naval History&10，no.1（January/February 1996）：13.

33&．David Syrett，“The Organization of British Trade Convoys During the American War 1775-1783，”Mariner's Mirror&62（1976）：170，171，178；The Annual Register&，in Murdoch，Rebellion in America&，p.522.

34&．Rodger，The Insatiable Earl&，pp.232，271，273；Piers Mackesy，The War for America&1775-1783（1964；repr.Lincoln：University of Nebraska Press，1993），pp.192，193，194；Tilley，The British Navy and the American Revolution&，p.199.

35&．Syrett，The Royal Navy in European Waters&，p.3.

36&．Sandwich sent two slightly different versions to North dated December 7 and 8，1777.“A Paper sent to Lord North on 8 December relative to the American war and urging more efforts to be made at home，”The Private Papers of John&，Earl of Sandwich&，First Lord of the Admiralty&1771-1782，ed.G.R.Barnes and J．H.Owen，4 vols.（London：Navy Records Society，1932-38），1：327-35.

37&．Willcox，“Arbuthnot，Gambier and Graves，”p.285.

38&．Simms，Three Victories and a Defeat&，pp.574，629.

39&．Mackesy，The War for America&，pp.155，182，251；Ritcheson，British Politics and the American Revolution&. p．256；Gerald S．Brown，“The Anglo-French Naval Crisis：A Study of Conflict in the North Cabinet，”William and Mary Quarterly&，3d ser.，13，no.1（January 1956）：19.

40&．Stephen Conway，The War of American Independence&1775-1783 （London：Edward Arnold，1995），pp.223-24；Tilley，The British Navy and the American Revolution&，p.128.

41&．Martelli，Jemmy Twitcher&，p.126；Syrett，The Royal Navy in European Waters&，p.24；Ritcheson，British Politics and the American Revolution&，p.246；J.H.Broomfield，“The Keppel-Palliser Affair 1778-1779，”Mariner's Mirror&47，no.3（August 1961）：197.

42&．Keppel to Sandwich，June 21，1778，Barnes and Owen，Sandwich Papers&，2：98；Albion，Forests and Sea Power&，pp.295，296.

43&．Broomfield，“The Keppel-Palliser Affair，”pp.196-97；George Ⅲ to North，February 13，1779，The Correspondence of King George the Third from&1760&to December1783, ed.Sir John Fortescue，6 vols.（London：Macmillan，1927-28），4：277-78.

44&．Broomfield，“The Keppel-Palliser Affair，”pp.200-202:&The Last Journals of Horace Walpole During the Reign of George&Ⅲ，ed.A.F.Steuart，2 vols.（London：John Lane，1910），2：222.

45&．Troy Bickham，Making Headlines&：The American Revolution as Seen through the British Press&（DeKalb：Northern Illinois University Press，2009），p.131.

46&．Broomfield，“The Keppel-Palliser Affair，”p.203；Bickham，Making Headlines&，p.131.

47&．Bickham，Making Headlines&，p.131；Steuart，The Last Journals of Horace Walpole&，pp.247-48；Broomfield，“The Keppel-Palliser Affair，”p.204-05.

48&．Steuart，The Last Journals of Horace Walpole&，pp.247-48；Martelli，Jemmy Twitcher&，pp.158-59；Syrett，The Royal Navy in European Waters&，pp.55-57；Levy，Love and Madness&，pp.1-2.

49&．Steuart，The Last Journals of Horace Walpole&，p.256；Mary Kinnear，“Pro-Americans in the British House of Commons in the 1770s”（Ph.D.diss.，University of Oregon，1973），p.262.

50&．Levy，Love and Madness&，pp.29，30；Brewer，A Sentimental Murder&，pp.23，215；Martelli，Jemmy Twitcher&，pp.87-88.

51&．Wheatley，The Historical and Posthumous Memoirs of Sir Nathaniel William Wraxall&，1：226；J.H.Broomfield，“Lord Sandwich at the Admiralty Board；Politics and the British Navy，1771-1778，Mariner's Mirror&51，no.1（February 1965）：14；Syrett，The Royal Navy in European Waters&，p.57；Wilkinson，The British Navy and the State in the Eighteenth Century&，p.203；Martelli，Jemmy Twitcher&，pp.181，182-83.

52&．“Memorandum.Paper Read in the Cabinet by Lord Sandwich，Delivered to the King and Communicated to Lord North-Sept 14，1779，”Barnes and Owen，Sandwich Papers，3：170-71；Howard H．Peckham，“Marquis de Lafayette：Eager Warrior，”in Billias，George Washington's Generals and Opponents&，1：224.

53&．Syrett，The Royal Navy in European Waters&，pp.68-71.

54&．“Memorandum.Paper Read in the Cabinet by Lord Sandwich，Delivered to the King and Communicated to Lord North-Sept 14，1779，”Barnes and Owen，Sandwich Papers，3：167；Arbuthnot to Sandwich，September 19，1779，ibid.，3：134；Mackesy，The War for America&，p.278；Jonathan R．Dull，The French Navy and American Independence：A Study of Arms and Diplomacy&，1774-1787（Princeton，N.J.：Princeton University Press，1975），pp.160，162.

55&．Rodger，The Insatiable Earl&，p.253；K.R.Perry，British Politics and the American Revolution&（London：Palgrave Macmillan，1990），p.89；Mackesy，The War for America&，p.341；Tilley，The British Navy and the American Revolution&，p.231；Kenneth Breen，“Graves and Hood at the Chesapeake，”The Mariner's Mirror&，56（1980），p.55.

56&．North to Sandwich，April 30，1778，Barnes and Owen，Sandwich Papers&，2：39；Willcox，“Arbuthnot，Gambier and Graves，”pp.265-66.

57&．Ira D．Gruber，The Howe Brothers and the American Revolution&（Chapel Hill：University of North Carolina Press，1972），p.86；Willcox，“Arbuthnot，Gambier and Graves，”pp.268，269，270.

58&．William B．Willcox，Portrait of a General&：Sir Henry Clinton in the War of Independence&（New York：Knopf，1964），p.355；Leland J．Bellot，William Knox&：The Life and Thought of an Eighteenth-Century Imperialist&（Austin：University of Texas Press，1977），pp.150，162.

59&．Conway，The War of American Independence&，p.157；Stephen Conway，“British Governments and the Conduct of the American War，”in&Britain and the American Revolution&，ed.H.T.Dickinson（London：Addison Wesley Longman，1979），p.167.

60&．David Syrett，Shipping and the American War&1775-83：A Study of British Transport Organisation&（London：Athlone Press，1970），pp.89，161；Norman Baker，Government and Contractors&：The British Treasury and War Supplies&1775-1783（London：Athlone Press，1971），p.91；“Memorandum.Paper Read in the Cabinet by Lord Sandwich，Delivered to the King and Communicated to Lord North-Sept 14，1779，”Barnes and Owen，Sandwich Papers&，3：165，171.

61&．George Ⅲ to Sandwich，September 13，1779，Fortescue，The Correspondence of King George the Third&，4：432-34.

62&．I.R.Christie，Myth and Reality in Late-Eighteenth-Century British Politics and Other Papers&（London：Macmillan，1970），p.83；British Library，Add.MSS 70990，ff.32，14，September 1779，in Rodger，The Command of the Ocean&，p.340；Rodger，The Insatiable Earl&，p.219；Martelli，Jemmy Twitcher&，p.210.

63&．Steuart，The Last Journals of Horace Walpole&，2：309；Wheatley，The Historical and Posthumous Memoirs of Sir Nathaniel William Wraxall&，1：261.

64&．Martelli，Jemmy Twitcher&，p.231；Syrett，The Royal Navy in European Waters&，p.136.

65&．Broomfield，“Lord Sandwich at the Admiralty Board，”pp.7-17；Syrett，The Royal Navy in European Waters&，p.51；Martelli，Jemmy Twitcher&，p.235；Mackesy，The War for America&，pp.10，19；Wheatley，The Historical and Posthumous Memoirs of Sir Nathaniel William Wraxall&，1：403，404；Haas，“The Pursuit of Political Success in Eighteenth-Century England：Sandwich，”pp.76-77.

66&．Broomfield，“Lord Sandwich at the Admiralty Board，”pp.8，9；Wheatley，The Historical and Posthumous Memoirs of Sir Nathaniel William Wraxall&，1：268；Ian R．Christie，The End of North's Ministry&，1780-1782（London：Macmillan，1958），p.62.

67&．Jeremy Black，War for America&：The Fight for Independence&1775-1783（New York：St.Martin's Press，1994），p.204.

68&．Rodger，The Insatiable Earl&，p.292.

69&．Tracy，Navies&，Deterrence&，and American Independence&，p.14；Martelli，Jemmy Twitcher&，p.258.

70&．Christie，The End of North's Ministry&，pp.285-86.

71&．Ibid.，p.2；Mackesy，The War for America&，pp.451，452；Steuart，The Last Journals of Horace Walpole&，2：381，382.

72&．Christie，The End of North's Ministry&，pp.304-13.

73&．Ibid.，pp.313-19；The Annual Register in Murdoch&，Rebellion in America&，p.919；Steuart，The Last Journals of Horace Walpole&，2：391；Wheatley，The Historical and Posthumous Memoirs of Sir Nathaniel William Wraxall&，1：271，281，2：171，182，184，186，187.

74&．Wheatley，The Historical and Posthumous Memoirs of Sir Nathaniel William Wraxall&，pp.304，328.

75&．Baugh，“Why Did Britain Lose Command of the Sea？” p．153；Tracy，Navies&，Deterrence&，and American Independence&，pp.34，36；Conway，The War of American Independence&，pp.230-31；Syrett，The Royal Navy in European Waters&，pp.64-65；Tilley，The British Navy and the American Revolution&，p.135.

76&．Rodger，The Command of the Ocean&，pp.374-75；Syrett，The Royal Navy in European Waters&，pp.62-63；Rodger，The Insatiable Earl&，pp.296，298.

77&．Syrett，The Royal Navy in European Waters&，p.153.

78&．Richard Buel Jr.，In Irons&：Britain's Naval Supremacy and the American Revolutionary Economy&（New Haven，Conn.：Yale University Press，1998），pp.33，41，45，107，113.

79&．Rodger，The Command of the Ocean&，p.328；Martelli，Jemmy Twitcher&，pp.86-87，92-93；Rodger，The Insatiable Earl&，pp.204，205，206，208，209.

80&．Martelli，Jemmy Twitcher&，pp.282-83.

81&．Rodger，The Insatiable Earl&，pp.310，313，314；Levy，Love and Madness&，p.142.

82&．Brewer，A Sentimental Murder&，p.32；Martelli，Jemmy Twitcher&，pp.25，136，177，285.

83&．Martelli，Jemmy&Twitcher，p.286；Wheatley，The Historical and Posthumous Memoirs of Sir Nathaniel William Wraxall&，2：184.

结论

1&．Charles Stedman，The History of the Origin&，Progress&，and Termination of The American War&，2 vols.（London：J.Murray，J.Debrett and J．Kerby，1794），2：421，449.

2．本书对于英国在独立战争中失败的原因与密西根大学的John Shy观点一致。他深受自己的越战经验影响。Shy赞赏Piers Mackesy就独立战争期间英国方面的综合性论述（The War for America&，1964）的研究，但对Mackesy的结论存在异议。尽管其方法精妙，而且作品令人印象深刻地展现了战争对英国的全球压力，但Mackesy维持对战争结果的传统个看法，以个人失误论成败，同时，将主要的责任从政治家转向北美的军事指挥官。他依然相信战争可以取胜。见Mackesy，Could the British Have Won the War of Independence?&Chester Bland-Dwight E．Lee Lectures in History（Worcester，Mass.：Clark University Press，1976），p.13。Shy承认“也许多数研究独立战争的军事史学家，从英国的失误角度解释英国战败的原因”。详见A People Numerous and Armed&：Reflections on the Military Struggle for American Independence&，rev.ed.（Ann Arbor：University of Michigan Press，2000），p.215）。但他认为“英国的指挥官作为一个群体并不差，而且我认为不应当把英国的失败归咎于他们”（ibid.，p.18）。

3&．Russell F．Weigley，“American Strategy：A Call for a Critical Strategic History，”in&Reconsiderations on the Revolutionary War&：Selected Essays&，ed.Don Higginbotham（Westport，Conn.：Greenwood Press，1978），p.39；O'Hara to Grafton，November 1，1780，in “Letters of Charles O'Hara to the Duke of Grafton，”ed.George C．Rogers Jr.，South Carolina Historical Magazine&65，no.3（July 1964）：159；Mathew H．Spring，With Zeal and Bayonets Only&：The British Army on Campaign in North America&，1775-1783（Norman：University of Oklahoma Press，2008），p.268.

4&．Jeremy Black，“Could the British Have Won the American War of Independence？”Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research&74（1996）：145-47.

5&．Charles Royster，A Revolutionary People at War&：The Continental Army and American Character&，1775-1783（Chapel Hill：University of North Carolina Press，1979）；Philip Davidson，Propaganda and the American Revolution&1763-1783（Chapel Hill：University of North Carolina Press，1941），p.406；E.Wayne Carp，To Starve the Army at Pleasure&：Continental Army Administration and American Political Culture&，1775-1783（Chapel Hill：University of North Carolina Press，1984），pp.196，203，208；“The House Debates Whether to Continue the War，”November 9，1780，The American Revolution as Described by British Writers and The Morning Chronicle and London Advertiser&，ed.Elizabeth R．Miller（Bowie，Md.：Heritage Books，1991），pp.28-29.

6&．Davidson，Propaganda and the American Revolution&，pp.365-75；Rodney Atwood，The Hessians&：Mercenaries from Hessen-Kassel in the American Revolution（Cambridge：Cambridge University Press，1980），p.157；Stephen Conway，“The British Army，‘Military Europe，’ and the American War of Independence，”William and Mary Quarterly&，3d ser.，67，no.1（January 2010）：78；Eliga H．Gould，The Persistence of Empire&：British Political Culture in the Age of the American Revolution（Chapel Hill：University of North Carolina Press，2000），p.163；Stephen Conway，“From Fellow-Nationals to Foreigners：British Perceptions of the Americans，Circa 1739-1783，”William and Mary Quarterly&，3d ser.，61，no.1（January 2002）：65-101.

7&．Troy Bickham，Marking Headlines&：The American Revolution as Seen through the British Press&（DeKalb：Northern Illinois University Press，2009），p.80；London Chronicle&，September 6，1777，in&Our American Brethren&：A History of Letters in the British Press During the American Revolution&，1775-1781, ed.Alfred Grant（Jefferson，N.C.：McFarland，1995）；“Cato，”in the&Morning Chronicle&，September 4，1977，ibid，p.147.

8&．The Annual Register&，in Rebellion in America&：A Contemporary British Viewpoint&，1765-1783, ed.David H．Murdoch（Santa Barbara，Calif.：Clio Books，1979），p.570.

9&．Clinton to Germain，February 28，1781，CO 5/101，PRO；Paul David Nelson，General Sir Guy Carleton&，Lord Dorchester&：Soldier-Statesman of Early British Canada（Teaneck，N.J.：Fairleigh Dickinson University Press，2000），p.98.

10&．R.Arthur Bowler，Logistics and the Failure of the British Army in America&1775-1783（Princeton，N.J.：Princeton University Press，1975），pp.135，137，222-23，225；David Syrett，Shipping and the American War&1775-83：A Study of British Transport Organisation&（London：Athlone Press，1970），pp.191，207，129，235，242；Norman Baker，Government and Contractors&：The British Treasury and War Supplies&1775-1783（London：Athlone Press，1971），p.205.

11&．Syrett，Shipping and the American War&，pp.13，51，162，167，168，173，177；Baker，Government and Contractors&，p.142.

12&．Bowler，Logistics and the Failure of the British Army in America&，pp.144-45；Baker，Government and Contractors&，p.43.

13&．Richard Middleton，The Bells of Victory&：The Pitt-Newcastle Ministry and the Conduct of the Seven Years' War&1757-1762（Cambridge：Cambridge University Press，1985），p.217.

14&．The Farington Diary By Joseph Farington&，R.A&.，ed.James Greig，8 vols.，3d ed.（New York：George H．Doran，1922-28），1：278.引文的来源很少被引用，我对华盛顿档案的前编辑提供的参考表示感谢。

15&．Cornwallis to Clinton，June 30，1781 in&Correspondence of Charles&，First Marquis Cornwallis&，ed.Charles Ross，3 vols.（London：John Murray，1859），1：102；Paul David Nelson，General James Grant&：Scottish Soldier and Royal Governor of East Florida&（Gainesville：University Press of Florida，1993），pp.86-87，91，143；Banastre Tarleton，A History of the Campaigns of&1780&and&1781&in the Southern Provinces of North America&（1787；repr.Cranbury，N.J.：The Scholar's Bookshelf，2005），pp.229，283；Lieutenant Colonel J．G.Simcoe，Simcoe's Military Journal&：A History of the Operations of a Partisan Corps&，Called the Queen's Rangers，Commanded by Lieut.Col.J.G.Simcoe&，During the War of the American Revolution&，（1844；repr.Cranbury N．J.：The Scholar's Bookshelf，2005），p.75.

16&．Syrett，Shipping and the American War&1775-83，p.233；Thomas Fleming，The Perils of&Peace&：America's Struggle for Survival after Yorktown&（New York：Harper Collins，2007），p.187；Nelson，General Sir Guy Carleton&，Lord Dorchester&，pp.150，196；Johann von Ewald，Diary of the American War&：A Hessian Journal&，trans.and ed.Joseph Tustin（New Haven，Conn.：Yale University Press，1979），pp.340-41，108.